Ọnọdụ maka ịmị mkpụrụ na nduku na ókèala nke Russian Federation na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche iche. Dị ka o kwesịrị ịdị, ụdị ihe ịga nke ọma na mba ahụ bụ nke ejiri plastik kachasị ukwuu wee nwee ike tolite nke ọma na mpaghara dị iche iche.
Anastasia Borovkova, Ph.D. s-x Sci., Onye isi Ngalaba Nduku, German Mkpụrụ Alliance
N'agbanyeghị echiche zuru ebe niile banyere mbelata oriri nke nduku site n'aka ndị bi na Russia, Rosstat na-agba akaebe na nke a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1990, isi oriri nke nduku bụ 106 n'arọ, na 2000 - 118 n'arọ, na 2016 - 113 n'arọ. Nke ahụ bụ, poteto ka bụ "achịcha nke abụọ" ma jidesie ọnọdụ ha ike na shelf nri na tebụl nke ndị Russia, na n'ọhịa nke ndị ọrụ ime obodo.
Dabere na AB Center, na 2017, poteto na mpaghara azụmaahịa toro na mpaghara 299,9 puku hectare na mpaghara asatọ gọọmentị etiti yana mpaghara 78. Nke a abụghị ihe na-egosi na mbara ala ala nke cultivation? N'ezie, ee, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ị leba anya etu esi kesaa mpaghara n'okpuru omenala kemgbe afọ asaa gara aga.
Na mkpokọta, ike nke mpaghara dị n'okpuru poteto site na 2010 ruo 2017 abụghị nke Rosy: na Russia n'oge a, mpaghara belatara site na 16,2%, nnukwu mgbanwe weere ọnọdụ na Volga Federal District - mwepu 50,7%, North Caucasian Federal District akwụsịla. ịkwanye poteto na ihe karịrị 32% nke mpaghara ndị e jibu mee ihe.
Ọ bụghị nke ukwuu, mana ka mpaghara ndị dị na Central, South, North-West na Far Eastern FD dara - site na 10,8; 7,0; 3,3; 2,0% karị. N'otu oge ahụ, Fral Ural na Siberia agaala n'ihu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ, tinye 18,6 na 50,4% nke mpaghara n'okpuru "achịcha nke abụọ".
Nduku abanyewo n'ime mpaghara na-adịghị mma na nke "obi ọjọọ". Nke a bụ obere n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na okpomoku ya, mana, n'ụzọ ka ukwuu, n'echiche m, ndị a bụ uru nke ndị na-azụ ihe: ụdị dị iche iche apụtala nwere ike itolite nke ọma n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a.
Ka emechara, ọrụ nke breeder bụ kpomkwem a: ikpokọta niile ihe (eke na ahịa) na-ewetara a dịgasị iche iche nke na-maximally-emegharị ka na mpaghara ọnọdụ, nke na-enye bụghị naanị a elu mkpụrụ, ma na-ezute n'oge a ahịa chọrọ - ya bụ, ọ na-iche site na a mara mma na-egbuke egbuke na agba nke bee, elu elu omume nke anya , ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịsacha na nhicha, iguzogide mmebi igwe na ọchịchịrị mgbe ihichachara, na ogologo oge nchekwa na-enweghị ọnwụ mma.
Enwere ike ikwenye nke a site na olu nke oke owuwe ihe ubi na mpaghara azụmahịa, ndị na-egosi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ: site na 3388,0 ruo 6737,6 puku tọn site na 2010 ruo 2017, n'agbanyeghị nbelata ebe a ghara.
Ntinye nke akụrụngwa dị elu na teknụzụ nke oge a, ojiji nke ụdị ọhụrụ na-enye gị ohere ịnweta owuwe ihe ubi nke ọkwa dị iche na usoro nke ogo na ogo.
Isi ihe ngosi nke mmepe nke teknụzụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto, na-ejikọ mmetụta nke ụdị osisi eji eme ihe, ịnweta na nri fatịlaịza, pụtara ịlụso ọrịa na pests ọgụ, bụ mkpụrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ.
German Mkpụrụ Alliance (GSA), otu n'ime ndị na-eketa oke ya bụ ụlọ ọrụ ozuzu German na mkpụrụ mkpụrụ osisi SOLANA (Solana) kwa afọ na-enye poteto mkpụrụ si Europe na ahịa Russia, ma na-amịkwa mkpụrụ na mba anyị ihe karịrị afọ 20. Inwe ọtụtụ ule nke ule ngosi na mmepụta azụmahịa na Russia niile, anyị nwere ike ịgwa anyị otu ụdị SOLANA si akpa agwa na ala dị iche iche na ọnọdụ ihu igwe.
Na fig. 1 gosiputara onu ogugu nke 2016-2017. Site na ntinye mkpụrụ na Russia nke 236 c / ha, ụdị ise n'ime 14 gosipụtara mkpụrụ nke okpukpu abụọ dị ka ihe ngosi ndị a (Labella, Red Lady, Koroleva Anna, Laperla, Lilly).
Onye ndu nke ọnwụnwa ahụ bụ ụdị Laperla mbụ - 575 c / ha. Mkpụrụ nke ụdị ndị ọzọ sitere na 385 ruo 448 n'arọ / ha. Ọbụna ndị "lagoro ezumike nka" nke pọtụfoliyo Zekur na Rosar anaghị efunahụ ọnọdụ ha, ihe ha rụpụtara bụ 396 na 434 c / ha, n'otu n'otu.
Ọ bụrụ na a na-achọ ihe ọkụkụ a n'ahịa, oleezi otu onye agrarian ga-esi mee ka akụ na ụba ya nwee oke? Usoro jikọrọ ọnụ dị mkpa ebe a. Enweghị ihe ndị na-enweghị atụ na teknụzụ, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-enye onyinye ya na "akụ akụ" nke owuwe ihe ubi yana, na njedebe, uru.
Dị ka onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Na-eto Eto, Mmezi, Chemicalization na Nchedo Osisi nke Ministry of Agriculture nke Russian Federation P.A. Chekmarev, ọrụ dị iche iche na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu dị ukwuu, onyinye ya na mkpụrụ a na-eme atụmatụ na 20%.
Na 2017, oke nke ihe ubi site na iji mkpụrụ nke ụdị ọhụrụ bụ 603 ijeri rubles (24%). Ihe ndi ozo abughi ihe di nkpa: nsonaazụ nke mmepụta dabere na akụrụngwa na teknụzụ site na 25%, na fatịlaịza na ngwaahịa nchekwa osisi - site na 23%, na ala na ọnọdụ ihu igwe - site na 20%, na ntụgharị mkpụrụ - site na 12%.
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ihe nile na ogo nke onyinye ha nye nsonaazụ ikpeazụ - mkpụrụ - enwere ike ịchọta na Fig. 2, nke n’egosiputa onu ogugu nke uzo SOLANA nke anwale na mpaghara ndia na 2017.
Oge 2017 mechara bụrụ ihe siri ike na n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ka enwere mmiri oyi na-adịte aka, nke dugara na mbubreyo osisi na ogologo mkpuru osisi. Oge ọkọchị adịghịkwa iche n'ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma; oke mmiri na okpomọkụ dị ogologo karịa ọnọdụ ihu igwe hapụrụ akara nke akuku.
Nhicha n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mba ahụ dịkwa mgbagwoju anya site na mmiri ozuzo mgbe niile. N'otu oge ahụ, na mpaghara ndị bụ ndị isi na mpaghara n'okpuru nduku - Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Sverdlovsk mpaghara - enwere mkpụrụ kacha elu: 625 c / ha, 528 c / ha, 530 c / ha, 525 c / ha. Ugbo dị na mpaghara ndị a, site na iji usoro na teknụzụ dị elu, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na fatịlaịza na ngwaahịa nchekwa osisi, nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma ụdị iche. Enwetara mkpụrụ kachasị nke nyocha anyị - 646 c / ha - na Republic of Ingushetia, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-etinye usoro ọrụ ugbo dị iche iche n'ụzọ ziri ezi, na-ege ntị na ndụmọdụ nke ndị na-azụ ihe na ijikọta akụkụ niile nke teknụzụ n'otu otu.
Site na 400 ruo 500 c / ha nwetara na Moscow, Tambov, Voronezh, Oryol, Kursk, Chelyabinsk, mpaghara Rostov. Site na 300 ruo 400 c / ha - na Kurgan, Pskov, Belgorod, mpaghara Ulyanovsk, Republic of Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan, Stevropol Territory.
Mkpụrụ nke poteto a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na 2017 ná nkezi na Russia bụ 236 c / ha. Nke a ezuola ka ugbo a rite uru? Dika ngosiputa gosiputara (Isiokwu nke 1), mgbe eji ngwa oru ohuru na teknụzụ emeputa nke nduku na mpaghara nke ihe kariri 100 hectare (hectare 90 nke poteto a na-acho ahia na hectare 10 nke nkpuru nkpuru), ugwo oru a n'ime afọ ise putara marketable poteto 500 c / ha, a ọnụ na mkpụrụ site naanị 50 CC lelongs na payback oge ruo afọ 7. Onu ogugu na Russian Federation na-eyi egwu ndi oru ugbo nwere oke nfu.
Ichetakwa ọzọ banyere mkpọsa ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya, ọ ga-amasị m ịkwụsị site na nkwupụta sitere n'aka ọkà mmụta okpukpe ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ Halford E. Luccock: “O nweghị onye ga-egwu sọmpi naanị ya. Nke a chọrọ otu ndị egwu niile "... Kedu violin ga-abụ onye isi na ìgwè ndị egwú a dị gị n'aka.