Site na magazin: Nke 1 2016
Udi: Mpaghara
HELU. Andrianov, D.A. Andrianov,
Federal State Budgetary Education institution of Higher Professional Education Bashkir State Agrarian University
Mpaghara nke Republic of Belarus: 143 puku kilomita2
Onu ogugu: 4 ndị mmadụ, nke 071% bụ ndị bi n'obodo.
Ọnọdụ ala: Obodo a dị na mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Southern Urals na Cis-Urals.
Ihu Igwe Kọntinental, nke nwere iru mmiri, oge okpomọkụ na oyi siri ike. Ihu igwe na-agbanwe ugboro ugboro n'ihi ọnọdụ mpaghara dị n'etiti cyclones na-abịa site na oke okpomọkụ, Atlantic, Arctic na Siberia.
Nkezi okpomọkụ January: -18°, nkezi Julaị okpomọkụ: +18°. Ma ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche maka mpaghara dị iche iche: ridges nke Urals, na-agbatị site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda, na-emepụta ọdịiche dị nkọ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ na-agbada na ntụzịaka site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ntugharị na-aga n'ihu ruo n'elu-efu na-apụta n'ime ụbọchị iri mbụ nke Eprel, yana okpomọkụ na-erughị efu n'ime ụbọchị iri nke atọ nke Ọktọba. Ogologo oge nke mkpuchi snow bụ ụbọchị 155 (na oke ọhịa-steppe na mpaghara steppe), ụbọchị 175 (na mpaghara oke ọhịa).
Bashkortostan bara ụba na mmiri dị n'elu. Enwere ihe dị ka osimiri puku iri na atọ na ihe karịrị otu puku ọdọ mmiri (gụnyere ọdọ mmiri) na mba ahụ.
Enyemaka: dị nnọọ iche iche, nke jikọtara ya na ala ọnọdụ, geological na tectonic Ọdịdị nke ókèala. Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ebe ahụ bụ ala dị larịị na ugwu ugwu (kacha mma maka ọrụ ugbo); enwere ugwu, ala dị larịị, ugwu ugwu, na ala dị larịị.
Ala: 32% nke mpaghara dum na-eji ala chernozem, 28% site na ala ọhịa isi awọ, 25,1% site na ala ugwu. Na mgbakwunye, enwere mpaghara sod-podzolic (akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọhịa-steppe), hydromorphic na ala ahịhịa-chernozem. N'ebe ndịda nke Cis-Ural na Trans-Ural, a na-ahụ mpaghara nkesa nke solonetzes, solonchaks na solonchak ụdị chernozems na ala ahịhịa.
Ala ubi ebe a na-akọ ugbo: ihe dị ka nde hectare asatọ, nke ihe dị ka nde hectare ise n'ime ya bụ ala ubi
Nduku na-eto na Republic of Bashkortostan. Oge a ogbo
Nduku bụ otu n'ime nri kacha mkpa na Republic of Bashkortostan. N'ime afọ ise gara aga, ma oriri nke "achịcha nke abụọ" (ihe ruru 180 kg / mmadụ) na mmepụta (ihe ruru 270 kg / mmadụ) abawanyela na mba. Ugbu a, n'ugbo nke ụdị ọ bụla nke nwe, ebe a na-akụ poteto bụ 93,5 puku hectare.
Ugbo azụmaahịa nke Republic of Bashkortostan nwere ahụmịhe n'inweta mkpụrụ nduku dị elu karịa mpaghara buru ibu. Na ndepụta nke 100 kacha mma azụmahịa ugbo na Russian Federation maka 2005 - 2008. na 46th ebe bụ SPK KLH aha ya. Salavat Meleuzovsky district, na 74th ebe - State Unitary Enterprise maka nwa oge nchekwa "Dmitrievsky", na 96th ebe - State Unitary Enterprise maka nwa oge nchekwa "Alekseevsky" na na 100 ebe - Siberian Agricultural Farm-Collective Farm aha ya bụ. Salavat, Sterlitamak district. Yabụ, na AKH im. Salavat, Meleuzovsky district, na mpaghara nke hectare 330, nkezi mkpụrụ kwa afọ bụ 35 t / ha. Na ugbo ala Alekseevsky na mpaghara Ufa, mpaghara 100 hectare na-emepụta tubers ahịa na 32-42 t / ha. SEC "Sun" nke mpaghara Ilishevsky, na mpaghara nke ihe karịrị hectare 300, na-anakọta tubers ahịa na 16 - 25 t / ha. Ugbo ala Shemyak, na mpaghara nke ihe karịrị hectare 600, na-emepụta 12-16 t / ha nke tubers ahịa. Ugbo ala "Agli" nke Chishminsky district na mpaghara hectare 400 na-enweta mkpụrụ nduku mkpụrụ nke 30-42 t / ha ruo ọtụtụ afọ.
Otú ọ dị, n'ozuzu, ọkwa nke mmepụta nduku na Republic of Belarus dị nnọọ ala. Nke a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị a. 1. Enweghị usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku na obere akụkụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-eri nri, gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị nke oge a n'oge a na-eri nri n'oge na etiti mmalite dị iche iche na ihe ọkụkụ. A na-echekwa ihe ọkụkụ dị ugbu a n'ime ụlọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na agbasoghị usoro nchekwa. Maka akuku, ihe ọkụkụ anaghị akwado nkwadebe dabere na sayensị. 2. Gross mebiri nke nkà na ụzụ ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge ya cultivation. 3. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-enwe ụkọ ihe ọkụkụ pụrụ iche. 4. Ọnụnọ nke usoro mmiri na-adịghị edozi na ihe ọkụkụ. 5. Ojiji nke enweghị isi nke ịnweta ịnweta na fatịlaịza organic. 6. Ọdịda na-erube isi na ezigbo akuku ụbọchị na n'ụzọ doro anya ezughi oke njupụta. Iji ihe na-enweghị uche akuku atụmatụ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ tuber akuku omimi. 7. Mmebi nke ihe a chọrọ maka ọnọdụ adịghị mma na nke na-enweghị ahihia nke ala oyi akwa a kụrụ - ma n'ahịrị na n'etiti ahịrị n'oge nlekọta akuku. 8. Enweghị usoro maka ichekwa osisi nduku site na ọrịa. 9. Ihe gbasara ihu igwe, ihe ọjọọ ihu igwe n'oge oge na-eto eto. 10. Enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke igwe pụrụ iche nke oge a, akụrụngwa maka ịkụ poteto na ebe nchekwa. 11. Nhazi ihe mere n'ihi enweghị kwesịrị ekwesị nzukọ nke oru n'oge cultivation na ogbenye ihe ọmụma nke omenala n'oge na oru nduku site eme. 12. Adịghị njikere nke ugbo (akụ na ụba, teknuzu na nzukọ) nke ukwuu na-arụpụta na ukwuu oru oma mmepụta, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-amalite na-egosi mmasị na isi mkpụrụ nduku. 13. Enweghị usoro maka ịgwa ndị bi banyere ọhụrụ iche na àgwà ha, enweghị ebe na-ere mkpụrụ isi nduku na obere quantities na adaba obere nkwakọ. 14. Enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ na mmalite nduku mmepụta. 15. Enweghị usoro maka ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ na ọkwa niile maka mgbagwoju ngwaahịa nduku. 16. Enweghị agrometeoposts na ubi nnwale.
Ugbu a, mmepụta nduku na Republic of Belarus na-elekwasị anya n'otu n'otu na obere akụkụ (95-97% nke mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ), ya bụ, poteto aghọwo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ.
N'ime nnukwu ugbo azụmahịa, a na-akụ ya naanị na mpaghara 3,0 puku hectare na n'ugbo ndị ọrụ ugbo (ndị ọrụ ugbo) na mpaghara 1,0 puku hectare. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahụ anya nke ọma n'ebe ịchepụta nduku na-emepụta. Na mpaghara asatọ nke Republic of Belarus (nke 54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa na Chishminsky - ihe karịrị ọkara (60%) nke akuku ebe na-lekwasị na azụmahịa ugbo, 76,6% A na-emepụta poteto, na mkpụrụ dị elu karịa nkezi mba n'ime afọ isii gara aga site na 144 ... 211%.
Nke a na-apụtakarị n'ugbo ndị nkịtị. Na mpaghara ise - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa na Chishminsky - 57,4% nke ebe a na-egbute n'okpuru poteto na 59,8% nke owuwe ihe ubi tuber na-elekwasị anya, na mkpụrụ dị elu karịa nkezi maka Republic of Belarus site na 128,7 - 440,7 % n'ime afọ isii gara aga. N'ime afọ asaa gara aga, mkpụrụ nduku na-amịpụta n'ugbo azụmahịa na nke ndị ọrụ ugbo abawanyela karịa n'ugbo ndị mmadụ.
Na-enyeghị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nnyocha na-amụ nduku bayoloji na na mmepe na mmejuputa iwu ọhụrụ ume- na akụ na-azọpụta Integrated ugbo teknụzụ nke ihe ubi na ihe niile dị mkpa, na-enweghị ruru eru ọkachamara (site na igwe rụọ na njikwa na ndị isi nke ụlọ ọrụ), na-enweghị. Ngwa igwe na akụrụngwa na-eto nduku nke oge a, na-enweghị nkwado ozi ngwa ngwa na nke dị elu, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịsọ mpi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi na mpaghara nke Russian Federation na ụlọ ọrụ mba ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya.
Ihe atụ maka mmepe
N'uche anyị, iji kpalie mmepụta poteto na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, meziwanye àgwà poteto na ngwaahịa nduku, na-abawanye ahịa na uru nke ihe ọkụkụ na Bashkortostan, ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nduku, na-ejikọta dị iche iche dị adị. na ihe owuwu ọhụrụ n'ime otu mgbagwoju anya.
Ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite, kwado na itinye mmemme ebumnuche ogologo oge mpaghara maka mmepe mmepụta, nchekwa, nhazi na ire poteto na Republic of Belarus maka 2016-2020.
N'ime usoro nke Potato Center na mmemme maka mmepe mmepe nke nduku nduku, mepụta ụyọkọ nduku nke Republic of Belarus.
Dabere na nyocha nke ọnọdụ mmepụta nduku ugbu a na Republic of Belarus, ebe ndị kacha mkpa maka mmepe nduku na-eto na mba ahụ gụnyere:
- mmepe na nkwalite nke nchọpụta sayensị n'ime omenala nduku site na bayoloji ya ruo ire ngwaahịa ikpeazụ;
- ịba ụba nkezi mkpụrụ n'ime ugbo azụmahịa na ndị ọrụ ugbo na 30 t / ha;
- nnyefe nke nta nke nta nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto nduku na teknụzụ igwe ọgbara ọhụrụ maka mmepụta, nchekwa na nhazi;
- ibelata ọnụ ahịa kwa otu nke mmepụta na ịhụ na iji ihe na ego eme ihe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi;
- ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke iji ikike nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ụlọ;
- mmepe nke usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ nke sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ na ụkpụrụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ maka imepụta poteto mbụ, ndị ọkachamara na mmeputakwa mkpụrụ;
- iwebata na nrubeisi siri ike na atụmatụ asambodo nduku nke mkpụrụ osisi a na-achịkwa nke dabere na iwu ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Russian Federation na Republic of Belarus na ụkpụrụ GOST;
- imepụta akụrụngwa maka ahịa mkpụrụ (gụnyere maka ebe obibi nkeonwe), nri na poteto ụlọ ọrụ;
Ya mere, inwekwu mmepe nke nduku na-eto eto na Russian Federation na Belarus agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị imeziwanye sayensị ụlọ, iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhụrụ eme ihe n'ụzọ dị irè, mmezu na physiology osisi, biotechnology, ozuzu, na mmepụta mkpụrụ.*, phytopathology, entomology na nchekwa osisi na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, yana nkwalite ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo dị oke irè na ọrụ ugbo.
Ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa maka iwebata na mmepe nke ihe ọhụrụ na-eto eto nduku bụ ihe ndị a:
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- nnweta teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo nduku nke gosipụtara na ọ dị irè n'ụzọ akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi;
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- nkwado steeti maka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo na-amụta teknụzụ ugbo nduku ọhụrụ;
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- usoro ozi na steeti na ọchịchị obodo banyere omume nke ịmepụta teknụzụ ugbo nduku ọhụrụ na mmetụta akụ na ụba enwetara na nke a.
*Na mpaghara Ural na Republic of Bashkortostan na 2015, a na-etinye ụdị ndị a na Ndebanye aha State nke Russian Federation ma kwado ya maka ojiji: ụdị ndị mbụ - Meteor, Charoit; oge ntoju - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky n'oge, Kamensky, Onye ndu, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch (ụdị ubi dị iche iche); etiti mmalite - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, September (ubi iche iche), Fairy Tale, Madam, Evolution, Excellence, Mmetụta; n'etiti oge - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (ogige dịgasị iche iche), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; n'etiti oge - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.