Site na magazin: Nke 3 2014
Udi: Na mgbado
Boris Anismov, Onye isi oche All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming aha ya bụ. A.G. Lorja
Isiokwu ahụ na-atụle ihe ndị chọrọ phytosanitary maka ọrịa nje na nje nje, nke a ga-achịkwarịrị nke ọma n'ime oke mpaghara mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku pụrụ iche. A na-akwụnye nlebara anya pụrụ iche iji belata isi mmalite na vectors nke ọrịa, iji ụzọ dị irè maka mgbochi na ịchịkwa phytopathogens n'ime mpaghara pụrụ iche maka imepụta poteto mkpụrụ mbụ na ndị ọkachamara.
Ọrịa na-efe efe nke nje virus na nje bacteria na-akpata nwere ike iduga mbelata dị elu nke poteto mkpụrụ osisi. A na-enwe usoro a na-anabatakarị - ka ọkwa ibu ọrịa dị elu n'ebe a na-akụ poteto, ka o yikarịrị ka ọrịa na-agbasa. site na mkpụrụ na site na ala, na ka njọ nke ọrịa ndị a nwere ike ịkpata.
Na omume ụwa nke oge a, a na-edozi nsogbu a nke ọma site na ịmepụta mpaghara echekwabara pụrụ iche (mpaghara) nwere ọnọdụ okike, ihu igwe na phytosanitary dị mma maka itolite ahụike (na-enweghị phytopathogens) poteto mkpụrụ. N'ezie, imepụta mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ na-aghọ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku na-enweghị nje [2,3,4,5].
Dị ka ihe atụ, nke a maara nke ọma bụ ahụmahụ na-aga nke ọma nke ịmepụta na ịrụ ọrụ mpaghara pụrụ iche maka ịkụ mkpụrụ nduku nke ụdị kachasị mma na Finland, na mpaghara nwere ihu igwe dị jụụ (ógbè Tyrnavä), ebe ụkpụrụ ndị siri ike maka ihe ndị chọrọ phytosanitary bụ. ewebata n'ime mpaghara a. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na nke a bụ ahụmahụ nke Great Britain, bụ ebe a chọpụtakwara mpaghara phytosanitary kasị mma na ala Scotland na Northern Ireland, bụ ndị e kenyere ọkwa EU pụrụ iche. "Ogige maka ịkụ mkpụrụ poteto dị mma" ( Mpaghara Nduku Mkpụrụ Mkpụrụ dị elu) [6,7].
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Russian Federation, a rụkwara ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka ịmepụta mpaghara dị mma maka mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku, ebe a na-eme ka nchịkwa phytosanitary steeti siri ike ma na-akwụ ụgwọ nlebara anya pụrụ iche iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mgbasa nke ọrịa. site na mkpụrụ na site na ala [2,3,4].
N'ime omume ọgbara ọhụrụ nke njikwa phytosanitary n'ime oke mpaghara ndị a họpụtara na-eto eto, a na-achịkwa otu anọ nke ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa:
- ọrịa na pests nke mkpa kwarantaini (ọrịa cancer nduku, ire ere nchara, poteto cyst nematode);
- phytopathogenic nje na-ebute site na ụdị aphid na-akwaga (Y- nduku nje (YBK - ụdị dị iche iche) A- nduku nje (ABK), M- nduku nje (MBK) na nduku akwukwo mpịakọta nje (PLV);
- nje na-ebute site na nematodes na fungi bi n'ala (Nje virus nke elu panicle nduku ("MOP-TOP") na nje rattle ụtaba ("RETTL");
- pathogenic bacteria ("ụkwụ ojii" na mgbanaka ire ere nke tubers).
A na-ahụta ọrịa na pests ndị nwere mkpa iche iche dị ize ndụ, yabụ ohere nke ịgbasa site na mkpụrụ osisi na site na ala n'ebe a na-akụ poteto kwesịrị iwepụ kpamkpam.
A na-ahazi ihe ndị chọrọ n'ike mmụọ nsọ maka ọrịa nje na nje bacteria site na iwebata nnabata nke usoro iwu n'ime usoro nke ụkpụrụ ịdịmma mba ụwa na nke mba ugbu a maka poteto mkpụrụ [8,9]. Ọtụtụ mba na-ebupụ nduku mkpụrụ n'ozuzu enweghị nnabata maka ọrịa nje (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). A na-achịkwa ọrịa nke mkpụrụ osisi na nje virus nke ụdị aphid migratory na-ebu na-adabere na nyocha ụlọ nyocha nke tuber sitere na ụmụ klas SE (super elite), E (Elite), A na B (1-2 reproductions mgbe ndị ọkachamara) na-eji. chọrọ usoro iwu siri ike nke ụkpụrụ (Table 1).
Tebụl 1. Nkwekọrịta iwu nke ụkpụrụ maka mmetọ nje nke mkpụrụ osisi nduku na-abanye ahia na mba EU (Nnwale ELIZA)
Ndabere | Nkwenye maka klaasị/ọgbọ nke poteto mkpụrụ,% | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Germany *** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finland *** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Czech Republic | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
* Dịka ntuziaka EU 2002/56 na 93/17 siri dị
** The ndidi maka YVK
*** Nnadechi maka nje virus YVK+AVK
Ogo nke ihe egwu nwere ike ibute ọrịa nduku na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ụdị okike na ihu igwe nke ókèala ahụ. N'ebe sara mbara nke Russia, poteto nwere ike itolite nke ọma ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile, mana enwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ osisi na-asọmpi dị elu naanị n'ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị mma na obere ihe ize ndụ nke mgbasa nke pathogens nke ụdị siri ike (nnukwu). ọrịa nje, karịsịa wrinkled na banded mosaic (YBK) na necrotic ringspot nduku tubers (YВКNTN) (Foto nke 1).
Fig. 1 Mgbaàmà nke mosaic siri ike (nnukwu)YBK) na mgbanaka ntụpọ nke nduku tubers (YBKNTN) [9].
N'iburu n'uche ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke eke na ọnọdụ ihu igwe, yana ihe ndị na-enwe mmetụta kachasị ike na mma mkpụrụ nduku n'ebe a na-emepụta ha na Russian Federation, n'ụwa nile, anyị nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'ókèala atọ nke nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na mpaghara. ọkwa ibu ọrịa na mkpokọta vector ọrụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebu nje ahụ.
Mpaghara ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ A na-ewerekarị dị ka ihe kachasị mma maka ịkụ mkpụrụ poteto dị elu. Ihu igwe dị jụụ n'oge oge na-eto eto, yana obere ndabere nke vectors ụmụ ahụhụ, na-eme ka o kwe omume ibelata mgbasa nke nje kachasị emerụ ahụ. Oge na-eto eto na mpaghara ndị a dị mkpụmkpụ: site na mbubreyo May ruo etiti Septemba (100-110 ụbọchị). Ma ogologo oge nke ụbọchị, e ji mara ugwu latitudes, karịsịa na mbụ na-eto eto n'oge, na-emepụta ezi ọnọdụ maka ngwa ngwa ibu na mmepe nke osisi, accelerated tuberization na akuku guzobe. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-eme ka mpaghara ndị a dị mma maka itolite ihe mkpụrụ dị elu.
N'etiti akụkụ nke Russia, gụnyere Central, Central Black Earth mpaghara, Middle Volga mpaghara, yana Urals, Siberia, na Far East, n'agbanyeghị na ihu igwe dị iche iche na ala, na-adịkarị ji a dịtụ agafeghị oke ndabere nke ibu ibu na-efe efe na. Enwere ike iwere ya dị ka ókèala dị mma na usoro phytosanitary maka ịhazi mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndu gị dịka usoro iwu chọrọ nke ụkpụrụ.
Ndịda na mpaghara South-East obere mma maka itolite elu-edu mkpụrụ ihe onwunwe. N'ihi na-ekpo ọkụ na ọkọchị na-eto eto n'oge na, dị ka a na-achị, a mgbe nile elu larịị nke ibu ibu ibu ibu ọrịa na mkpokọta vector ọrụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebu ọrịa (ma e wezụga ugwu na foothill zones nke North Caucasus), ọnụego. mmụba nke nje na-efe efe na ọgbọ ọ bụla na-esote ubi dị elu karịa na mpaghara ndị dị na mpaghara ugwu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ibu nke ọrịa nje na-ebelata arụpụtaghị ihe ma na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi poteto dị mma mgbe oge nke abụọ na-eto eto, na ụdị susceptible ọbụna mgbe mbụ.
Otu n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke ịmepụta mpaghara pụrụ iche na-eto mkpụrụ bụ ikewapụ ebe a na-akpa nkata ala ebe a na-ejigide ihe dị mkpa na-ewepụ ihe dị mma na ebe ọ bụla nwere ike ibute ọrịa nje (ịkụ poteto nri, ubi akwukwo nri, ụlọ, wdg). . N'ihi nke a, n'ime oke mpaghara pụrụ iche na-eto eto mkpụrụ, ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na nrube isi na ụkpụrụ kacha nta nke ikewapụta ohere maka ụdị na klas nke poteto mbụ na ndị ọkachamara. Dabere na echiche nke oge a banyere ụzọ na njirimara nke mbufe na mgbasa nke nje phytopathogenic, yana ịkwaga ndị na-ebu ha na poteto, a na-atụ aro ka ị hụ na ebe dị anya site na isi mmalite nke ọrịa maka mkpụrụ osisi nke ọkwa mbụ. mmeputakwa nke 500 m, ọgbọ ubi na-esote 100 m (Table 2)
Tebụl 2. Ụkpụrụ nke kewapụrụ mbara ala akwadoro maka ịkụ mkpụrụ nduku mbụ na nke mara mma.
Atiya | Класс | Mkpuchi |
Akụrụngwa | Obere-tubers na-eto eto n'okpuru nchebe site na vectors na-efe efe | Frame greenhouses nke okpomọkụ na mkpuchi polycarbonate, na-ekpuchi tunnels nke ihe mkpuchi dị arọ |
Mkpụrụ nduku mbụ | Mgbasa ubi (ọgbọ 1-2) | 500m anya site na klas nduku mkpụrụ ọ bụla ọzọ |
Elite mkpụrụ poteto | Super elite na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara | Ogologo 100m site na klaasị ala nke mkpụrụ na ihe ọkụkụ azụmahịa |
A na-emekarị ventilashị nke ọma n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke dị nso n'oké osimiri na nnukwu mmiri mmiri, ubi ndị dị na gburugburu ebe nchekwa-nyocha nke ọhịa, yana ala ubi nke dị na ugwu ugwu kacha mma dị ka ihe dị mma na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime oke mkpụrụ- na-eto eto zones. Ọ dị mkpa na ala ndị e kenyere maka nurseries ubi dị anya dị ka o kwere mee site na ma ubi nduku nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ebe ezinụlọ nke ndị bi na ya. N'ime oke mpaghara mpaghara na-eto mkpụrụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, enwere ike ịwepụ ohere ịkụ mkpụrụ nduku ozugbo, ọkachasị n'ubi ndị bi na mpaghara na ụlọ okpomọkụ.
Site na echiche bara uru, ịmepụta ebe kachasị mma na mpaghara mmepụta mkpụrụ pụrụ iche, karịsịa mgbe ọ na-eto eto ọgbọ ndị mbụ, usoro a na-enweta kpamkpam na nke dị irè bụ "micro-kewapụ" na-eji nchebe nchebe nke ubi ọka ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ndụ. nsọtụ nke ubi (Fig 2).
Osikapa. 2. Atụmatụ nke Micro-kewapụ nke plantings nke isi ubi ọgbọ na-eji nchebe screening agha nke ọka kụrụ tinyere n'ọnụ nke ubi.
Iji na-ekwe nkwa ịdị mma nke mkpụrụ osisi na mpaghara mmepụta mkpụrụ pụrụ iche, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa iji usoro ọrụ ugbo kachasị dị irè na-egbochi mgbasa nke nje na ọnọdụ ubi, gụnyere:
- nrube isi n'ụkpụrụ guzosiri ike maka ikewapụ mbara ala nke mkpụrụ poteto mbụ na nke ama ama site na ịgha mkpụrụ nke obere mmepụta;
- eke kacha mma ọnọdụ maka ngwa ngwa na mmepe nke osisi na accelerated tuber guzobe n'oge na-eto eto;
- na-emezi phyto-nhicha mgbe niile na njụta mbụ kwere omume na iwepụ osisi ndị butere ọrịa site na ihe ọkụkụ, dị ka o kwere omume isi mmalite nke ọrịa;
- ojiji nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị irè, yana nkwadebe nke ịnweta na mmanụ ihe oriri megide aphids nke na-ebu ọrịa nje;
- guzobe optimally n'oge okwu maka wepụ n'elu mgbe ọbọ kacha mkpụrụ marketability nke tubers, na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ pụta nlekota isi iyi nke ọrịa na ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebu nje (migratory ụdị aphids) na ọnọdụ nke ọ bụla kpọmkwem ugbo;
- disinfection nke ebe nchekwa, akụrụngwa, igwe, arịa tupu echekwa mkpụrụ nza.
N'ime mpaghara ndị a họpụtara na-eto mkpụrụ, a ga-emepụtarịrị ihe mkpụrụ n'ụzọ siri ike dabere na njirisi dị mma maka ụdị na klaasị nke mkpụrụ osisi amịpụtara.
Isi mmalite nke ihe ntinye n'ime oke mpaghara ndị a họpụtara kwesịrị ịbụ naanị ndị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ mma. Enwere ike iji isi mmalite sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe, mana naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dabara njiri mara mma. A ghaghị imepụta ihe mmalite dị mma na ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ griin haus, nke nwere ike dị na mpụga ebe a họpụtara.
Mgbe mmepe nke ókèala ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ naanị mkpụrụ osisi a na-emepụta n'ime oke ya kwesịrị iji mee ihe na mpaghara ya n'ọdịnihu. A naghị anabatakarị ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'èzí saịtị ahụ. Na nke a, ọ dị mkpa karịsịa iji hụ na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị n'ubi ụmụ amaala na, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, hazie nnyefe nke mkpụrụ osisi dị elu maka mkpa ndị na-elekọta ubi na ndị bi n'oge okpomọkụ. Na omume, nke a ga-ekwe omume nanị na ndabere nke afọ ofufo na-ekere òkè n'akụkụ nke ndị obodo na mmasị nke ụmụ amaala na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ha ochie obodo mkpụrụ ihe ọhụrụ, nke a na-emepụta n'ime ókè nke a na-achịkwa mkpụrụ. -eto eto n'ókèala.
Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi nke usoro mmepụta nkà na ụzụ pụrụ iche n'ime mpaghara a na-achịkwa bụ iwebata usoro nyocha pụrụ iche, nke kwesịrị ikpokọta nyocha phytosanitary mgbe niile na nyocha ụlọ nyocha nke mkpụrụ osisi site na iji akwukwo na tuber sample. Ekwesịrị ijide n'aka na a na-akwadosi ike na ụkpụrụ nnwale ụlọ nyocha na usoro maka klaasị/ọgbọ dị mkpa nke poteto mkpụrụ. Ya mere, n'ime ihe mbụ invitro echere maka micropropagation clonal na ụlọ nyocha, a na-anwale 100% nke osisi site na nyocha ELISA na PCR. Mgbe ị na-eto obere tubers na griin haus, ELISA na-anwale opekempe osisi 250 sitere na ụdị ọ bụla. Na mbụ ubi ọgbọ nke Obere-tubers, 200 osisi kwa ibé nke ọ bụla iche iche na-anwale site ELISA (ma ọ bụ 200 tubers na post-owuwe ihe ubi tuber sample). N'ihe nlele mgbe iwere owuwe ihe ubi sitere na ihe ọkụkụ kachasị mma, ELISA na-anwale tubers 200 sitere na batch ọ bụla. N'elu poteto ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara, na mgbakwunye na nlele anya nke osisi, n'oge nyocha nke ubi, a na-enyocha osisi ndị nwere ngosipụta doro anya nke mgbaàmà ọrịa site na iji usoro immunodiagnostic.
Iwebata usoro nyocha na-ejikọta nyocha phytosanitary ubi na njikwa ụlọ nyocha amanyere iwu nke ụdị nduku mkpụrụ kachasị elu n'ime oke mpaghara mpaghara na-eto mkpụrụ pụrụ iche kwesịrị ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụkpụrụ teknụzụ maka imepụta poteto mkpụrụ mbụ na nke mara mma.
N'ịgbazi nsogbu nke ịmepụta mpaghara pụrụ iche maka mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku, asambodo ala ubi site na ime nyocha iji chọpụta pests, ọrịa na ahịhịa na ntinye akwụkwọ ikike ngafe phytosanitary nke ubi nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Ọnụnọ nke paspọtụ phytosanitary nke ubi bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a chọrọ maka asambodo afọ ofufo nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro na-arụ ọrụ mmepụta (cultivation), nhazi (nkwadebe), nkwakọ na ire mkpụrụ nke ụdị kachasị elu.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
1. Anisimov B.V. Phytopathogenic nje na njikwa ha na mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku (nduzi bara uru) - M.: Federal State Scientific Institution "Rosinformagrotekh", 2004. - 80 p.
2. Anisimov B.V. Mpaghara Phytosanitary na ọrụ ha na mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku na-enweghị nje // Nchekwa osisi na ichepụ iche. 2014, Nke 11, p. 14-19.
3. Anisimov B.V. Mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku na elu // Nduku na akwụkwọ nri. 2014. Mba.8. p.29
4. Anisimov B.V. Mpaghara pụrụ iche maka mmepụta mkpụrụ nduku // Nduku na akwụkwọ nri. 2015. Nke 4. p. 34-37.
5. Nkwenye nke ebe na-enweghị pesti na mpaghara nke obere pests juru. Rome, FAO = ISPM 22:2005 . Ụdị nnweta: https://www.ippc.int/core-activiities/standards-setting/ispms.
6. Nduku Mkpụrụ (Scotland) Amendmtnt Iwu 2000 ọ. 201.= (ụbọchị ntinye aka 01.04.2006). Ụdị nnweta: https://www.legislation.gov.uk - Asụsụ: Bekee, Russian.
7. Usoro nduku nke mkpụrụ osisi (Scotland) 2010 no. 71.= (Ụbọchị arụ ọrụ: 1.07.2010) Ụdị nnweta: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/-
8. UNECE Standard S-1, Banyere ire ahịa na njikwa àgwà azụmahịa nke poteto mkpụrụ. UNITED NATIONS, New York na Geneva. 20B.- 41 p.
9. Ntuziaka UNECE maka Ọrịa nduku Mkpụrụ. Ụmụ ahụhụ na ntụpọ. United Nations. Economic Commission for Europ, Specialized ngalaba na Standardization nke Mkpụrụ nduku .Geneva, 2014. -108p.