Ụlọ ọrụ nri nduku na China na-etolite ngwa ngwa. Dị ka isi mmalite dị iche iche si kwuo, a na-eziga site na 10 ruo 20% nke mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ maka nhazi kwa afọ. Ihe ndị a na-emepụta bụ starch, poteto akpọnwụwo (flakes potato na ntụ ọka), ibe na fries fries oyi kpọnwụrụ.
Starch
Isi ntụziaka nke nhazi nduku bụ mmepụta nke starch nduku. Ihe kacha mkpa nke starch bụ n'ihi ihe abụọ: nke mbụ, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka akụrụngwa maka nhazi ọzọ, na nke abụọ, mmepụta nke starch bụ ụzọ isi eji tubers na-enweghị ike ire ọhụrụ (obere, adịghị mma).
A na-emepụta ọtụtụ starch na Gansu na Inner Mongolia. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta kacha ukwuu dị na Gansu (mpụta mmepụta -788 tọn kwa afọ), ihe karịrị tọn 600 nke starch kwa afọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na Mongolia Inner na-emepụta.
Onye na-emepụta starch nduku kachasị na China bụ Inner Mongolia Nailun Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., nwere ikike mmepụta nke 100 tọn kwa afọ.
Enwere ụlọ ọrụ starch nduku atọ na Chongqing, abụọ n'ime ha na-ahazi starch na-esi na ya pụta n'ime noodles, nke na-edozi nsogbu ndị ọrụ na-akpata site na oge siri ike nke nhazi starch.
Ọtụtụ osisi (nke dị ugbu a asatọ) na-emepụta ma starch nduku na starch gbanwetụrụ ma na-eji starch mmiri (tupu ihicha) iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị gbanwetụrụ, na-enyere aka belata ọnụ ahịa ihicha.
Ike mmepụta nke starch nduku gbanwere na mba ahụ bụ tọn 458 kwa afọ. Site na ụlọ ọrụ anọ yana ngụkọta ikike nrụpụta nke tọn 000 kwa afọ, Gansu bụ mpaghara kachasị.
Emere mmepụta starch emezigharị na China kemgbe 80, ọkachasị site na anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, enzymatic ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ụzọ dị iche iche iji gbanwee njirimara nke starch eke.
Dị ka China Starch Industry Association si kwuo, a na-emepụta ihe karịrị ụdị 2000 nke ngwaahịa starch emezigharịrị ugbu a na mba ahụ, gụnyere starch oxidized, starch acid modified, starch cationic, cyclodextrin, na dialdehyde starch.
Na 2019, ngụkọta mmepụta nke starch emezigharịrị na China bụ tọn 1. Ụdị starch dị iche iche nke na-amịpụta ihe karịrị 757 tọn gụnyere mgbagwoju starch gbanwetụrụ, starch oxidized, cationic starch, acetate starch, phosphate starch na pregelatinized starch na mkpụrụ nke 800 ton, 100 ton, 000 tons 319 tọn na 200 tọn n'otu n'otu. Nsonaazụ nke ngwaahịa isii ndị a bụ ihe dịka 279% nke mkpokọta mmepụta starch emezigharịrị.
The mmepụta nke gbanwetụrụ starch na China na-tumadi lekwasị na ógbè Shandong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu na Jiangxi, nke na-aza ihe karịrị 85% nke ngụkọta mmepụta. Na 2019, mmepụta nke starch emezigharịrị na Shandong Province ruru tọn 656,6 puku. Enwere ụlọ ọrụ anọ na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara a nwere ikike kwa afọ karịa 100 tọn, na-aza 000% nke ngụkọta starch gbanwetụrụ. N'ime ha, mmepụta nke Guangxi Nongken Mingyang Biochemical Group Co., Ltd. bụ tọn 40,96 (196% nke mkpokọta mmepụta nke obodo).
Ndị na-azụ ahịa starch emezigharịrị bụ ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ China, nke na-akpata 58% nke ngụkọta oriri starch emezigharịrị.
Ndị ụlọ ọrụ nri na-ejikwa starch emezigharịrị eme ihe nke ukwuu, na-aza 18% nke ngụkọta nri starch emezigharịrị na China. A na-eji starch emepụta noodles ozugbo, sausaji ham, yoghurt na nri dị iche iche.
China bụ onye na-ebubata ụgbụ nke starch emezigharịrị, ọkachasị n'ụdị dextrin na starch ndị ọzọ emezigharịrị. Mbubata ụgbụ nke China nke starch agbanweela ruru tọn 2019 na 369, gbagoro 100% site na otu afọ gara aga, ka China Starch Industry Association si kwuo.
Isi nsogbu nke mmepụta starch metụtara eziokwu ahụ bụ na azụmahịa a na-eji ọtụtụ obere ụlọ ọrụ nwere ikike kwa afọ nke na-erughị tọn 10, nke na-esiri ike iwebata teknụzụ na akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, iji mezuo ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike mgbe niile. nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ụtụ isi. Nanị ụzọ maka ha, site n'echiche nke gọọmentị, bụ ijikọ ọnụ na ịgbasa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta.
French fries
Ngalaba nhazi nduku bụ nke kacha eto na China.
Mmepụta fries french nke China nwetara bụ tọn 2006 na 63 wee rute tọn 000 na 2015. Ọnụego uto kachasị elu kwa afọ bụ 318% na 000. N'afọ 64,36, n'ihi mgbanwe ụfọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị si mba ọzọ nwere, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta fry French na China belatara ntakịrị. Na 2010, ikike mmepụta kwa afọ bụ tọn 2016 nwere ọnụego uto nke 2017%.
Ndị na-eri fries French na China bụ ụlọ nri ngwa ngwa nke Western. Ndị ọkachamara na-ebu amụma na n'ihi mmepe obodo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe nri dị otú ahụ ga-abawanye ogologo oge, nke ga-emetụtakwa ahịa oriri ngwaahịa. Rịba ama na dịka ọnwa Febụwarị 2020, enwere ihe karịrị ụlọ nri McDonald 3500 na ụlọ nri KFC 6600 na mba ahụ.
A na-ebubata ụfọdụ fries french oyi kpọnwụrụ site na US, mana ahịa na-egosi mgbanwe dị ala na ịzụrụ ihe. Yabụ na 2020, mbubata belatara ozugbo site na 26% (isi ihe kpatara ya bụ na ngwaahịa mba ofesi niile mere nnwale ogologo ogologo oge maka Covid-19, a manyere ndị na-ezu ike ịkwaga na ngwaahịa mpaghara).
A na-eme atụmatụ mmepụta fries French na China na 2022/23 na tọn 400, dị ntakịrị ala karịa afọ gara aga (ton 000) n'ihi ịdị mma akụrụngwa dị ala. Dabere na isi mmalite ụlọ ọrụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-abawanye ụbara acreage nduku na mbido 410 iji gboo ụbara anụ ụlọ, mana mmụba a sitere na poteto ọhụrụ dị ala belatara.
N'agbata Julaị na Septemba 2023, a na-atụ anya inye ahịrị mmepụta anọ ọhụrụ maka imepụta fries. Ngụkọta ikike mmepụta ha ga-erute tọn 400000 ọzọ, na-eme ka ikike dị okpukpu abụọ.
Enwere ike ịsị na oge a na-akpọ oge maka nsogbu nke ntụziaka (yana ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nduku dum). Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ fry french dị na mpaghara ugwu monoculture, ebe a na-egbute poteto n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. A na-ebufe poteto na mmepụta ndị a n'ime oge site na Eprel ruo August, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ ga-ekwe omume idobe ngwaahịa zuru oke na àgwà kwesịrị ekwesị. Akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa ahịa ebubata.
ibe
Ụlọ ọrụ nri nri na China na-etolite n'ụzọ dị oke elu, n'ime afọ 10 gara aga, dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Azụmahịa nke PRC si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ amụbawo site na 422,51%. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ewu ewu nke ngwaahịa ndị nwere ike iri na njem na-ejikọta na ọganihu na ndụ nke ndị bi na ya. N'otu oge ahụ, ekwesịrị iburu n'obi na ibe nduku ga-eguzogide asọmpi siri ike na ụdị nri nri ndị ọzọ juru ebe niile na mba ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ngwaahịa a bụ nghazi nke ndị na-azụ ahịa maka “nri nri dị mma” dabere na usoro ndụ ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ.
A na-etinyekarị ụlọ ọrụ mgbawa nduku na mpaghara Fujian (Dali Garden, Panpan, Qinqin (gụnyere Pringles) wdg Shanghai (Lay's na Oishi) na Beijing (Orion) bụkwa isi ebe a na-emepụta ibe nduku, ha na-ekekọrịta ihe ruru 22,59%. na 12,91% nke ngụkọta mba ahịa.
Dali Group bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbawa nduku kacha ukwuu na China na-ere ahịa kwa afọ nke ijeri yuan 16, na-aza 34,42% nke mkpokọta ahịa obodo. Dali Group nwere ndị enyemaka 18 na mpaghara 16 na mpaghara n'ofe mba ahụ. Emepụtara akara Copico nke ibe nduku na enyemaka iri nke Dali dị na Quanzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Hubei, Jilin, Gansu, Maanshan, Shanxi na Yunnan.
ntụ ọka nduku
ntụ ọka nduku akpọnwụghị mmiri bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepụta nri n'ihi na ọ na-edozi ahụ karịa starch dị ọcha. Noodles dị ọcha nke dabeere na starch (na ngwaahịa ndị yiri ya) nwere ike inye glucose naanị n'ahụ mmadụ, ebe ngwaahịa nduku dum, dị ka poteto a kpụchara akpụ nke sitere na ntụ ọka nduku kpọrọ nkụ, na-ejigide uru nri nke tuber nduku dum, ya bụ. starch, protein, vitamin, eriri nri na mineral [Camire et al. 2009]. Mmepụta mmepụta nke ntụ ọka nduku kpọrọ nkụ dị ezigbo mkpa maka mmepe nke dị njikere iri nri dị mma na nri na-edozi ahụ nke dabara adaba maka ndị China [Mu et al. 2017].
Ngwaahịa nduku ndị ọzọ edoziri
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, China na-ewebata mgbanwe na ntụziaka nke ngwaahịa ọdịnala nke e mere na mbụ na ndabere nke ọka wit ma ọ bụ osikapa. Mgbe ị na-akwadebe achịcha steamed, achịcha dị larịị, ọka wit na osikapa, dumplings, ntụ ọka nduku na-agbakwunye na ihe ndị a na-emebu. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ihe ọhụrụ bụ imeziwanye ogo na ụdị nri dị iche iche nke ụmụ amaala nke mba ahụ.
Nnyocha na-egosi na achịcha sitere na mgwakota agwa na mgbakwunye nke ntụ ọka nduku emeela ka àgwà oriri na-edozi ahụ dịkwuo mma [Blades et al. 2008]. Ịgbakwunye ntụ ọka nduku na ntụ ọka wit ka akọọrọ iji nyere aka belata ọkwa gluten ma gbochie nsogbu ndị metụtara ọrịa celiac [Ijah et al. 2015]. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta usoro nhazi na-eme mgbalị ọ bụla iji hụ na ngwaahịa emelitere na-ejigide ọdịdị mara mma na uto. Ya mere, a chọpụtala na oke oke nke granules nduku nwere ike imebi ihe nrịanrịa nke mgwakota agwa [Xu et al. 2017]. Maka ime achịcha, a na-atụ aro ka iji ntụ ọka sitere na poteto ụfọdụ (Hunmei, Blue Congo, Shepodi na Atlantic).
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e mepụtala ihe karịrị ụdị nri nduku 200 na China, e mewokwa ka ụfọdụ n'ime ha zụọ ahịa nke ọma.
A na-egbochi mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ site na enweghị teknụzụ na akụrụngwa pụrụ iche, mana a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dozie nsogbu a. Otu ihe atụ bụ ahịrị mmepụta nke starch nduku noodle nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia China mepụtara. Ngwaahịa na-apụta n'ahịrị mgbakọ nke, n'otu aka ahụ, kwekọrọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ọdịnala nke omenala ndị China, na, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ ngwaahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nduku nke oge a [Chen et al. 2017]. Site n'echiche teknụzụ, ahịrị mmepụta noodle dị ka ahịrị mmepụta maka fries french, poteto akpọnwụwo, starch, wdg.
Na Southwest China (mpaghara ndị dị ka Chongqing, Sichuan, na Guizhou), enwere nduku dị njikere isi nri nke bara uru imepụta ụlọ ọrụ. A na-ekute poteto ndị ahụ, wee bee n'ime mpekere siri ike ma kpọọ nkụ. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ngwaahịa doro anya, nke na-ata ata nke yiri abalone akpọnwụwo, nke a na-akpọkarị "abalone akwukwo nri". Ụdị poteto a gwụchara nke ọma ọ bụghị naanị na-edozi nsogbu nke ịchekwa poteto, kamakwa, dabere na omume iri nri nke ndị bi na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China, enwere ike iji kwadebe nri dị ụtọ. Ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta akụrụngwa ihicha pụrụ iche maka nhazi ụdị ngwaahịa nduku a na-emecha nke ọma iji belata oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ - "ihicha anyanwụ".
Site nyere nnyocha Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nduku na China: Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, Ụdị Ọdịnihu na Mmetụta Ụwa; Zhao-jun Wang, Hong Liu, Fan-kui Zeng, Yan-chen Yang, Dan Xu, Yu-Ci Zhao, Xiao-feng Liu, Lovedeep Kaur, Gang Liu & Jaspreet Singh