N'agbanyeghị ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ nke nduku mbubreyo blight na mmejuputa usoro nchịkwa nke dabeere na ihe ọmụma nke phytopathogen, ọrịa ahụ ka na-akpata mmebi dị ukwuu n'ihi mfu ihe ọkụkụ na ọnụ ahịa ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ na ngwaahịa nchebe osisi.
Ihe kpatara ọrịa a bụ oomycete Phytophthora ndị na-anwụ anwụ, na-emetụta epupụta, Ome na tubers.
Tubers na-abanye na nchekwa ọbụlagodi na obere ọrịa na-ebutekarị nnukwu mfu ngwaahịa. The causative gị n'ụlọnga nke mbubreyo blight na-anọgide viable ọbụna na okpomọkụ nke + 3 Celsius C. Mmepe nke phytopathogen n'elu tubers mmemmem penetration nke opportunistic bacteria site akpụkpọ, na-eme ka nro ire ere.
Mgbaàmà mbubreyo na epupụta na-egosi dị ka irregularly ekara tụrụ, nke ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye na size ka ọrịa na-amalite. Oghere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ọkụ na-etolite n'akụkụ elu nke akwụkwọ ahụ n'akụkụ akụkụ nke ntụpọ ahụ. N'oge ihu igwe udu mmiri, sporulation nke phytopathogen na-acha ọcha na-etolite n'okpuru oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ. N'elu tubers, ọrịa ahụ na-apụta n'ụdị ntụpọ agba aja aja. A gbara ọchịchịrị aja aja ire ere etolite n'ime tubers, emi odude nso n'elu, ma nke nta nke nta penetrates n'etiti tubers. Ụzọ bụ isi a na-esi agbasa phytopathogen bụ site n'ikuku zoosporangia sitere n'ubi ndị butere ọrịa, 'osisi nduku afọ ofufo' na osisi ndị a na-akụ n'osisi tubers a tụfuru n'akụkụ ubi. Osisi toro site na tubers tụfuru, dị ka "ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo", nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe nchekwa nke ọrịa nje na-ebute site na aphids; ọrịa ndị ọzọ (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, powdery skaab) na pests (ndụ na-adị ndụ nematodes, nduku cyst nematodes, aphids). Na mgbakwunye, oospores nwere ike ịmalite n'ime ha, nke nwere ike ime ka ọgụ a na-alụ ọgụ n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ihi mmụba dị ukwuu nke iguzogide na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọgwụgwọ fungicides.
Na mpaghara ndịda, iji gbochie germination nke poteto a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ, a ga-agwọrịrị ikpo ọkụ ozugbo na diquat ma ọ bụ glyphosate (ọ bụrụ na osisi apụta, a ga-emeghachi ọgwụgwọ ahụ ọzọ). Ụzọ dị irè nke ịlụso osisi ndị dị otú ahụ ọgụ bụ iji kpuchie tubers ndị a tụfuru na ihe nkiri ojii. N'akụkụ ọnụ nke ikpo okwu ahụ, a ga-echekwa ihe nkiri ahụ nke ọma ka zoosporangia nke phytopathogen enweghị ike ife efe, ụmụ anụmanụ enweghịkwa ike ịbanye n'okpuru ihe nkiri ahụ wee dọwaa ya. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe nkiri kpuchie ikpo ahụ n'oge, ọgwụgwọ glyphosate nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mkpa. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na a na-edobe tubers ndị ahụ n'ebe dị n'ubi nduku na isi iyi mmiri maka ịgba mmiri.
Kacha nkịtị maka Phytophthora ndị na-anwụ anwụ bụ mmeputakwa asexual, nke zoosporangia nwere ike itolite ozugbo dị ka hyphae ma ọ bụ hapụ zoospores na flagella, nke na-abanye n'ime osisi ahụ site na ihe nkiri mmiri. Oospores nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo ogologo oge na ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka ndị ọkachamara Dutch si kwuo (Plant Pathology journal, 2000), oospores nwere ike ijigide ikike ya ibunye poteto n'ime ala aja ruo ọnwa 48, na n'ala ụrọ ruo ọnwa 34 mgbe idei mmiri rikpuru. Achọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nke oospores ka etolite na ụdị nduku nwere obere nkwụsị nke agbụrụ agbụrụ. Dị ka data si European nchekwa data Ala 4 kacha mma (2020), iji belata ọrịa ala Phytophthora ndị na-anwụ anwụ (oospores), nduku cyst nematodes, rhizoctonia na pests ndị ọzọ, a na-atụ aro ịlaghachi poteto n'ọhịa mgbe afọ ise gachara.
Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, atụmatụ nchebe nduku dabere na iji ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọgwụgwọ na ngwaahịa nchebe osisi. Ma n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi mmalite nke genotypes ọhụrụ na-eguzogide Phytophthora ndị bi n'ụlọ (n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, genotype EU_43_A1, na-eguzogide mandipropamide na doses nke 100 ppm), nchebe nduku agbakwunyere aghọwo ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe.
Ụzọ bụ isi nke agbakwunyere nduku nchebe megide ọrịa n'oge:
- Na-eto eto ụdị nduku nwere akara nguzogide dị elu.
- Mbibi nke isi mmalite nke ọrịa (osisi "ọrụ afọ ofufo", ikpo tubers a tụfuru, tubers mkpụrụ butere na osisi nduku emetụtara).
- Iji usoro ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ fungicides dabere na ihe egwu mbubreyo, nguzogide dị iche iche na ọnọdụ ihu igwe iji hazie ọnụọgụ kachasị mma nke ọgwụgwọ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mgbochi mgbochi. Emebela mmemme n'asụsụ Rọshịa na ndabere nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ahụhụ nke Russia (VNIIF) VNIIFBlight. FGBNU VNIIF nwere patent RU 2019663121 (2019) maka mmemme kọmputa "Express amụma - mbubreyo blight" maka inweta amụma ịntanetị maka mmepe nke ọrịa mbubreyo na Russian Federation. Ugbu a na Russia enwere usoro ime mkpebi (DMS) maka ịme ọgwụgwọ fungicides megide ọrịa mbubreyo na Alternaria "Agrodozor". Ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ ewepụtakwala mmemme iji nabata amụma ihe egwu n'oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK enwere ikpo okwu ịntanetị maka ọrịa mbubreyo Hutton BlightSpy. James Hutton Limited na-edobe ikpo okwu a, Met Institute na-enye data meteorological ma nwee ikikere n'okpuru ikikere Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, e mepụtala akụrụngwa / ikpo okwu dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nyocha nke ndị ọkachamara na nyochaa nhazi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọkwa nke iguzogide ngwaahịa nchebe osisi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Europe - Euroblight, na China - ChinaBlight), ozi sitere na nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere itinye ihe ngwọta nchebe osisi na-eburu n'uche usoro ọnụọgụ nje na mpaghara na ọkwa ya nke iguzogide fungicides. N'elu ikpo okwu nke European consortium nke ọkachamara na òtù maka ọmụmụ nduku mbubreyo blight Euroblight A na-edobe tebụl na nsonaazụ ule nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji lụ ọgụ mbubreyo n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke osisi na Alternaria.
- Mbibi nke tubers emetụta mbubreyo blight na nchekwa iji belata tuber losses na ibelata ego nke mkpụrụ ọrịa nke na-esote afọ.
Maria Erokhova, onye nchọpụta, FGBNU VNIIF
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com