Sergey Banadysev, Dọkịta nke Agricultural Sciences, onye isi nke usoro ọmụmụ nke SGC "Doka - Gene Teknụzụ"
Ohere na arụmọrụ nke nhazi mkpụrụ tubers n'oge akuku na-abawanye ugbu a nke ukwuu. Ọ bụrụ na mbụ isi ọrụ nke mgbakwasa bụ ịchịkwa rhizoctonia, wireworm na Colorado nduku ebe na seedlings, ugbu a ọkachamara nwere na ha mkpofu a dum ngwa agha nke pụtara ịchịkwa kasị nkịtị akpụkpọ ọrịa, ala ọrịa nke mbubreyo blight, anthracnose na pythium, aphids. N'oge mbụ nke oge na-eto eto, azuokokoosisi nematodes, na ala ike microbiota. Na mgbakwunye na fatịlaịza isi, mgbe ị na-akụ ya na mgbakwasa, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya ịgbakwunye microelements na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali nke mgbọrọgwụ na osisi.
Na Russian Federation, a na-ahapụ ya ka ọ jiri ọgwụ fungicides 18 na-arụ ọrụ, 10 ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ na 15 microbial nkwadebe na fungicidal ọrụ maka nhazi mkpụrụ. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ (a.d.) dị irè megide ọrịa nduku: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalaxyl, fluxapyronexad. N'ime ọgwụ 30 azụmahịa, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu bụ analogues nke Prestige (imidacloprid + pencicuron, Bayer) - 8 na Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Enwere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa nwere ihe abụọ na-arụ ọrụ. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), yana ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group), thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + flu Syngenta ), iprodione+imidacloprid+difenoconazole (Idicum, August). Ngwakọta kacha baa ọgaranya nke nkwụnye ego fungicides (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) bụ fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxyl. Nkwadebe ndị ọzọ niile bụ otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ jikọtara ya na ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ. A na-atụ aro Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) yana yana mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapyroxad (Cerkadis, BASF) maka ịgwọ ala na furrow, a na-atụ aro ihe ndị ọzọ maka ịgwọ tubers.
Ndepụta nke ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ akwadoro maka ịgwọ tubers n'oge a na-akụ mkpụrụ dịkwa nnọọ ukwuu. A na-ahapụ ya ka o jiri ọgwụ na-eme ihe na-arụ ọrụ. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, fipronil, clothiadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, oxamyl. N'okwu a, tefluthrin (Force, Syngenta) na oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) dị n'ụdị granules ma tinye ya na ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị fọdụrụ nke ọma mee ihe maka mgbakwasa, n'otu ngwọta ahụ na fungicides. The ụdịdị dị iche iche nke edinam ụmụ ahụhụ bụ ala-bi pests, na Colorado nduku ebe na aphids na seedlings. Mgbochi nke nematodes - ndenye ọgwụ nematicide Vidat. A iche iche ohere maka gnawing cutworms adịghị egosipụta na ụkpụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na omume nke afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na irè nke dị iche iche nọ n'ọrụ bekee megide nke a dị ize ndụ pesti bụ anya na hà. Ọtụtụ ọgwụ na-ere ahịa na-adabere na imidacloprid, clothesiadinine na thiamethoxam. Enwere nhọrọ nwere akụkụ abụọ: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, August), imidacloprid + bifenthrin (Imidalit, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
Ụdị fungicides dị ndụ na Russian Federation gụnyere ọdịbendị ndụ na metabolites nke ụdị nje bacteria sitere na genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas na fungi na-eri anụ sitere na genus Trichoderma. Na mkpokọta, edebanye aha ọgwụ azụmaahịa 2020 na poteto na ndepụta 15. Ihe kachasị eji emeputa ihe bụ Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), nke e depụtara n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ na ndekọ dị ka fatịlaịza microbiological. Site na anyị na 2017-2019 Achọpụtara ịdị irè nke biofungicides ọgbara ọhụrụ na poteto. Enwetara data nnwale na-adọrọ mmasị ma baa uru, nke kwesịrị ichebara echiche dị iche iche ma ga-ebipụta ya.
Nhazi nke mkpụrụ ihe ga-enye irè nchebe si ọrịa na pests, na-akpali uto na mmepe nke osisi, na n'otu oge ahụ na-zuru ezu na nkà na ụzụ, wuru n'ime ọkọlọtọ mmepụta usoro. A na-ekpebi arụmọrụ site na nhọrọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ na ogo nhazi. Nhọrọ nke ọgwụ kwesịrị ịdabere na nghọta nke ebumnuche ebumnuche nke ụfọdụ fungicides na-eburu n'uche nsogbu phytopathological nke otu ihe ọkụkụ nke ihe ọkụkụ na otu ubi. Katalọgụ steeti gọọmentị nke ọgwụ pesticides nke Russian Federation nwere ozi nwere oke. A na-edebanye aha fungicides akwa tuber maka njikwa rhizoctonia, skaab na scab ọlaọcha. Enweghị ozi gbasara ịdị irè nke ọgwụ megide anthracnose, ọnya mmiri ire ere, na ọrịa nrịanrịa nke ala na-ebute n'oge, bụ́ nke gbasaworo ebe nile n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Enwere ihe atụ n'otu n'otu nke ụdị omume dị obosara nke ukwuu. Ya mere, a na-edobe TMTD ochie ka ọ bụrụ ọgwụgwọ megide ọrịa mbubreyo, rhizoctonia, skaab, ire ere nje na fusarium. Nke a na-ewelite obi abụọ ezi uche dị na ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ọgwụ fungicides nwere akụkụ atọ nke oge a Idikum nwere ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia ...
Mgbasa ozi nke ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ pesticide na-enye ụfọdụ ntuziaka, mana ekwenyeghị na ebumnuche na nke a anaghị ekwe nkwa. Ekwesịrị ịtụle ihe mgbasa ozi na njide na nguzozi, na-eburu n'uche ọdịmma azụmahịa nke ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa nchebe osisi. Ee, ha na-enye ọtụtụ ihe akaebe nke uru ọgwụ ndị akọwapụtara karịa ndị na-asọ mpi na ọnọdụ nrụpụta n'ezie. Enwere iwu ironclad ebe a: ọgwụ gị na-emeri mgbe niile, onye na-asọmpi na-efunahụ mgbe niile. N'ime ihe nke ụlọ ọrụ na-asọmpi, n'ezie, ihe niile dị nnọọ iche. Ihe atụ nke ntụnyere onye nwe nke ụdịdị ọrụ dị iche iche nke ọgwụ nje dị iche iche ka egosiri na Tebụl 1.
Ọ dị mkpa ịmara ezi ebumnuche na ịdị irè nke ngwaahịa nchebe osisi niile dị. A na-emelite ozi dị otú ahụ na mba ndị na-eto eto nduku kwa afọ site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ha ma wetara ndị obodo ọkachamara. Na eze, n'efu na n'ihu. Ebe ọ bụ na na Russian Federation, a na-enyeghị ndị na-emepụta ugbo ọrụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ site na steeti, a ghaghị iwere ihe ndabere site na ozi dị n'aka ndị ọrụ mba ọzọ na ebe ndị mepere emepe, gbanwee maka ego dịnụ. Na tebụl 2. A na-achịkọta usoro teknụzụ maka ịchịkwa ọrịa nduku nkịtị na-egosikwa ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu na-egosi na ọ na-egbochi ọrịa nje. Nke a bụ ozi dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na a na-emepụta ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe nchebe na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge gara aga. Mana ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-arụ ọrụ ka emepụtara naanị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxad, nke meghere ohere ọhụrụ maka ijikwa nje n'oge akuku.
Tebụl 2. Ụzọ teknụzụ maka ịchịkwa ọrịa nduku (dị ka M. Fiers et al., 2011 si kwuo)
Ọrịa / ọrịa | Ntughari ihe ubi | Fatịlaịza | Ugbo ala | Ịkụ mkpụrụ, nlekọta, ihicha | Ọgwụ na-egbu egbu |
Colletotricum coccodes / Anthracnose | Ntughari ihe karịrị afọ 5 na ọka wit, klova uhie, alfalfa, ọka, ahịhịa, fallow, ọka bali. Na mgbakwunye na mọstad odo, soybean, rapeseed | - | Moldboard na-akụ ihe ruru cm 30 | Zere nrụgide mmiri, ihicha n'oge. Obere oge dị n'etiti oke owuwe ihe ubi na owuwe ihe ubi | Oxamyl na-akpasu iwe. Na-ebelata imazalil, tolchlorvos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpychonil na propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium akọrọ ire ere | Opekempe afọ atọ ntụgharị na-acha uhie uhie klova | Humus | Nhazi kacha nta | Nhicha mbụ. Ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi n'etiti owuwe ihe ubi na owuwe ihe ubi, ọgwụgwọ ọnya | Chlorine dioxide, fenpychonil, na ngwakọta nke thiabendazole, imazalil na mancozeb. |
Helmintosporium solani/ọlaọcha skaab | Opekempe afọ atọ ntụgharị na-acha uhie uhie klova | - | Nhazi kacha nta | Njupụta akuku dị ala, ịkụ azụ n'oge na owuwe ihe ubi n'oge | Mancozeb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpychlonil, benomyl. |
Phoma ssp./Phoma akọrọ ire ere | - | - | - | N'oge owuwe ihe ubi nke elu, na-egwu ala na okpomọkụ n'elu 8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptica/ Pink ire ere | Afọ atọ, nwere ọka bali na klova uhie | - | - | Ogige mmiri nke ọma, owuwe ihe ubi oyi, na-ebelata mmerụ ahụ | Mefenoxam, metalaxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, skaab tuberous | - | - | - | Nhicha mbụ | Imazalil, prochloraz (mkpụrụ), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole. |
Phytium ultimum/Mgbu ire ere mmiri | - | Humus | - | Ogige mmiri nke ọma, owuwe ihe ubi oyi, na-ebelata mmerụ ahụ | Mefenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, skaab ojii | Opekempe ntụgharị afọ atọ, ewezuga ọka wit, alfalfa, ryegrass | Humus, ahịhịa | Obere nhazi, mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọnwụ nke combs | Ihe ọkụkụ na-emighị emeri (5 cm), oke ala okpomọkụ, obere njupụta akuku. Obere oge n'etiti owuwe ihe ubi n'elu na igwu ala. | Na-akpalite 1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb na epoprofos na-ebelata pencycuron, chlorine dioxide, methyl thiophanate, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole. |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / ebu ọcha | Afọ 4-5 na ọka ọka, ahịhịa ọka | - | - | Nlekọta mmiri mmiri | Fluazinam, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl, boscalid |
Spongospora subterrania/ skaab ntụ ntụ | Opekempe afọ 10, ọ bụghị ebe ịta nri | Ejila nsị ehi | Akọla ihe n'oge opupu ihe ubi | N'oge akuku na nke ọma drained ubi | Flusulfamide, fluazinam, mancozeb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / ọrịa cancer nduku | Ogologo ntụgharị dị ogologo (afọ 30) | Urea | - | Ogige mmiri gbawara nke ọma | Urea=urea |
Verticillium dahliae/Wilt, verticillium | Ntugharị afọ atọ na klova uhie, sudangrass, ọka. Ewezuga uzuoku, peas, oat, osikapa, mint, ahihia | Ammonium lingosulfate | Nhazi kacha nta | - | Mancozeb, captan, metham, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus/ Mnarịa ire ere | Na eyịm | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Pectobacterium, Dickeya/ Blackleg | Mwepụ nke monoculture, ntụgharị na ọka wit, klova uhie, ọka bali ma ọ bụ multigrass | Adịla nitrogen | - | Ogige ndị na-ekpo ọkụ nke ọma, na-ewepụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-ebute ọrịa, na-egbochi mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ | Chlorine dioxide, aluminum na bisulfite nnu, kasugamycin, streptomycin, soda benzoate, benzoic acid, ọla kọpa oxychloride + metalaxyl ma ọ bụ cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Streptomyces scabies/ skaab na-ahụkarị na reticulate | Na lupine, oyi rye ma ọ bụ seradella. Na mgbakwunye na beets shuga, karọt, ebe ịta nri | Potassium, phosphorus, ammonium lingosulfate, compost, nri ezi | Ntọpụ miri emi | - | Oxamyl na-akpasu iwe. Na-egbochi boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
Ditylenchus mbibi / Stem nematode | - | - | - | - | Oxamyl |
Globodera rostochiensis / Cyst nematode | Ntughari ogologo oge na peas, flax, rye, oats na ryegrass | Igwe | - | Gbochie mgbasa nke ọrịa na akụrụngwa | Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, phoxim, A.S.92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Nkpọrọgwụ nematode | Black fallow / na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ - karọt, beets, clover uhie, ọka, ruuru ewu. | - | - | - | All ala fumigants |
Na mba EU enwere usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọbụna na-eme ihe ike na oke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ọrụ ugbo. Ewepụlarị ọtụtụ otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ya na mgbasa; Ya mere, ihe dị iche iche nke ihe nchebe osisi maka ichekwa ihe mkpụrụ osisi aghọwo ihe dị oke oke, dịka a pụrụ ịhụ na ihe atụ nke Germany (Table 3). Ndị ọkachamara kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na nke a na-aga n'ihu, a ga-akwụsị mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, nke gụnyere poteto n'ezie na Western Europe, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-esiwanye ike inweta nnukwu mkpụrụ na ngwaahịa dị mma. N'otu oge ahụ, akụkụ abụọ nke usoro nchebe a na-eji na EU kwesịrị nlebara anya nke ọma: 1) fungicides dabeere na ọla kọpa hydroxide (ọganihu Funguran, ọganihu Kuprozin, e nwere ndị yiri ya na Russian Federation, Coside 2000, dịka ọmụmaatụ) na-atụ aro. iji chịkwaa bacteriosis; 2) A na-eji nkwadebe microbiological mee ihe nke ọma. megide nje bacteria Ụdị Pectobacterium na Dickeya, nkwadebe ọla kọpa akwadoro nwere ike ịgwakọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ fungicides. Ọla kọpa bụ ihe a na-achọpụta ma, mgbe a na-edozi tubers, ọ na-enweta ihe ọkụkụ n'oge mmalite nke mmepe. Osisi nduku na-enye ọla kọpa nke ọma na-eguzogide ntu oyi. Ntinye ọla kọpa n'oge na-akwalite nhazi nke lignin, ya bụ, nhazi ngwa ngwa nke peel siri ike.
Tebụl 3. Ọnụ ụzọ maka ichekwa poteto mkpụrụ n'oge a na-akụ mkpụrụ, Germany, 2020
Na 2020, ndị na-akụ poteto German nwere ohere iji nkwadebe 10 maka itinye tubers na ala n'oge ịgha mkpụrụ. Ngwakọta ndu nke fungicides ndị a na ndị na-akpali akpali, ịgbalite na normalization nke microbiota dị iche na nke Russia. Ngwaahịa azụmaahịa apụtala na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke genus Bacillus, ọ bụghị Subtilis, mana Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Na mgbakwunye na nke otu akụkụ, consortia nke nje bacteria na-emegide antagonist malitere iji nke ọma. Ya mere, ngwaahịa SOLANOVA® nwere ngwakọta ziri ezi nke ụdị microorganisms ise: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ SOLNOVA - na-abawanye ọrụ microbial nke ala, nri na-enweta ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ dịkwuo elu, na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ n'ime ala, na-akwalite mmepụta nke homonụ na enzymes osisi, na-abawanye nnabata na nrụgide dị ka salinity. , okpomọkụ, oké ọkọchị, oyi, wdg Mmetụta mmetụta: na-etolite na ala na na mgbọrọgwụ na mpi na pathogens maka mgbọrọgwụ secretions dị ka isi nri, Nleta a microbial mgbochi na mgbọrọgwụ n'ógbè ndị ọzọ microorganisms, na-ewusi osisi na-eguzogide ndị agha, na-emepụta ọgwụ nje mee ihe. nke osisi, na-akwalite anụ mmepe nke na-eto eto osisi.
A na-ewepụta ụzọ kachasị mma maka ichekwa ihe ọkụkụ nduku na USA (Table 4,5 na 30). Ruo ugbu a, a na-eji ngwaahịa dị n'ụdị ntụ ntụ (uzuzu) eme ihe n'ebe ahụ iji na-emeso mkpụrụ osisi mgbe ị na-egbutu. The jụụ àgwà kwupụta ihe ize ndụ nke mbubreyo blight, akọrọ ire ere na bacteriosis na-ebilite n'oge ọnwụ na nnọọ eziokwu nke ngụkọta omenala ọnwụ nke nnukwu ihe onwunwe na USA kọwara kpọmkwem site na ezi arụmọrụ nke azụmahịa ntụ ntụ ngwaahịa dabeere mancozeb na pencicuron. Site n'ụzọ, ruo n'afọ gara aga, 4% nke poteto mkpụrụ osisi niile dị na England na-eji ntụ ntụ pencycuron (ọgwụ Monceren, Bayer). Maka etching mmiri mmiri, na mgbakwunye na ihe ndị a maara na Russian Federation, a na-ahapụ sedaxane, hydrogen peroxide na nje bacteria Chenopodium quinoa saponins. A na-etinye Sedaxan n'ime ọgwụ nje mbụ nwere akụkụ anọ sitere na Syngenta, nke dị na USA a na-akpọ Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra yana ngwakọta nke fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Na Russian Federation, a mara ọkwa na usoro iji tinye ọgwụ yiri ya na ndekọ maka poteto amalitelarị;
Tebụl 4. Nkwadebe maka ịgwọ poteto mkpụrụ (ụkpụrụ iwu steeti US maka 2020)
1 - usoro onunu ogwu = ọnụọgụ ngwaahịa emechara maka ojiji, ebe oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (akpa) = 45,4 -50,1 n'arọ.
2-x - ngwaahịa kwadoro maka omenala na ọrịa; oghere = ngwaahịa echeghị maka otu ọrịa.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani na Helminthosporium solani. Ndị a dịkwa ka usoro ha na-eme ka akọrọ ire ere, rhizoctonia na ọlaọcha skaab.
4 - gụnyere Erwinia, ihe na-akpata ire ere dị nro nke nje bacteria, na Clavibacter, ihe kpatara mgbanaka mgbanaka.
Ọdịiche dị egwu na uru nke usoro nchebe America mgbe ị na-akụ poteto bụ nnukwu ụdị nkwadebe maka itinye n'ime ala. Na mgbakwunye na azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxad na ọgwụ ndị dị ndụ akwadoro na Russian Federation, a na-ahapụ ya ka iji ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ sitere na otu strobirulins (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) na ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ antiphytophthora (cyazofamide, fluazinam, flutolanil, oxathiopiprontes, ). Ebumnuche nke ọgwụgwọ ala bụ ịchịkwa rhizoctonia, mbubreyo blight, pythium na anthracnose (Table 5).
Tebụl 5. Nkwadebe maka ọgwụgwọ ala mgbe ị na-akụ poteto (ụkpụrụ iwu steeti US maka 2020)
ebe ụkwụ ụkwụ, 30 cm; lb - paụnd, 0,4 n'arọ; A - acre, 0,4 ha.
Nyocha nke ozi onwe onye na-enye gị ohere ịhọrọ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi mgbe ị na-edozi ihe mkpụrụ nduku. Ndepụta nke nje na-achịkwa mgbe a na-edozi tubers na-ejedebe na rhizoctonia, scab na ọlaọcha, fusarium na fomoz (foto 1). Ọgwụgwọ nke furrow ma ọ bụ ala n'ozuzu ya na-eme ka o kwe omume ibelata ọrịa na-efe efe nke rhizoctonia, anthracnose, ọrịa mbubreyo nkịtị, ọnya mmiri (pythium) na ire ere pink. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nkwadebe ndị nwere microbiological na ọla kọpa dịkwa irè megide ọrịa nje.
Ihe ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ nwere ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche akọwapụtara nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, penflufen na sedaxan dị irè megide skaab, mana adịghị arụ ọrụ megide fusarium, na mancozeb na difenoconazole, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, prothioconazole na-abawanye uru nke ikpochapụ scab ọlaọcha na pencycuron, wdg. Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ aro Serkadis n'obodo anyị iche iche, mgbe ahụ na USA, mgbe a na-agwọ furrow, fluxapyroxad na-ejikọta ya na pyraclostrobin (ọgwụ Priaxor). Ma nke a abụghị n'ihi na ọ dịghị ihe a ga-eme, ma n'ihi ịgbasa ụdịdị nke ime ihe, otu ihe na-arụ ọrụ ezughị. Enwere ọtụtụ mmachi na oge eji. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ka mma ịgwọ poteto ndị na-ehi ụra, ndị na-amịghị mkpụrụ na fludioxonil. A na-atụ aro Imazalil ka e jiri ya mee ihe maka tupu etching, ma n'otu oge ahụ ọ bụ otu n'ime ole na ole na-egbochi oosporosis. Enwere ọdịiche dị na nyocha nke ọgwụ ndị akọwapụtara na mba dị iche iche. Ya mere, na Europe, a kwenyere na azoxystrobin na strobirulins ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ịgbakwunye na ala, ọ gaghị abanye na tubers. Na USA enweghị mmachi dị otú ahụ a na-eji ma maka ọgwụgwọ tubers na furrows. Ọ bụkwa ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, USA na Canada ha agaghị ahapụ ájá n'ọdịnihu, ya bụ. mfe dusting nke tubers na-enweghị ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ.
Maka ndị na-akụ nduku Russia, omume ịgbasa uzuzu na tubers n'ime ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ bụ usoro echefuru echefu na oge a na-anabataghị. Ọ na-esiri ike iche n'echiche na na mba ndị mepere emepe ka a na-eme usoro nhazi a n'ọtụtụ ebe, na nke a n'okpuru slogans banyere gburugburu ebe obibi (N'ezie, ntụ ntụ dabere na penflufen, flutolonil na fludioxonil amachibidoro na EU site na iji aka mee ihe, naanị. site na applicators). Enwere nhọrọ abụọ maka mmiri mmiri, mgbakwasa mmiri: n'ihu n'ụlọ ọgwụ na mgbe ị na-akụ n'ubi. Ọgwụgwọ tupu ọgwụgwọ nwere ọtụtụ uru - ọchịchị dị jụụ, usoro ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi nke ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ, ịba ụba nke ịkụ mkpụrụ nduku. Mana ịkwesịrị ịma na ọgwụgwọ dị elu n'ụlọ ọgwụ bụ ịfesa oke dị ala na oke mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nke na-erughị 3 l / t. Nke a ga-ekwe omume mgbe ị na-eji ndị na-agba diski (lee foto 2,3) n'elu ebe ọ bụla na-atụgharị - rollers nke bins, tebụl nyocha ma ọ bụ Mafex pụrụ iche. Ọnụego mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nke 10-20 l/t nke ụkpụrụ RF kwadoro n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwesịrị ka ewere ya dị ka ihe na-ezighị ezi na nke a na-anabataghị. Na ọnọdụ phytopathological nke oge a, mmiri mmiri doro anya nke tubers bụ mkpasu iwe nke mmepe nke ọrịa nje. Mgbe nhazi n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ọbụna na mgbede nke akuku, poteto kwesịrị akpọnwụ. Ọ bụrụ na nhazi ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'oge a na-akụ mkpụrụ, a na-ekpuchi poteto ndị a na-agwọ ma buru ya n'ọhịa, ma ọ malitere mmiri ozuzo na ịkụ ihe na-akwụsị ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ụbọchị - ozugbo wụsa mkpụrụ osisi ma kpoo ha. Ma ọ bụghị ya, nsogbu na germination na rotting nke tubers bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere.
Ọgwụgwọ n'oge akuku ka mma. Ọ dịghị mkpa ikpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ kpoo tubers, ọ dịghị nsogbu nke iji ngwaahịa nchebe osisi na nchekwa na ọ dịghị ihe ize ndụ nke igbu oge akuku mgbe ọgwụgwọ, ọ bụghị naanị tubers na-esichara, kamakwa ala. Ma usoro ihe ọkụkụ na-ebelata, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwá ọrụ na-abawanye, na e nwere ihe isi ike n'ịnọgide na-anọgide na-agba ọsọ nke mmiri mmiri na ịchịkwa àgwà nhazi. A na-enye ndị na-akụ nduku ọgbara ọhụrụ na akụrụngwa tank maka itinye ngwaahịa nchebe osisi. Ọ ka mma iji nozzles pụrụ iche na cone oghere, nke na-adịchaghị mfe imechi ihe nkwusioru nkwusioru (lee foto 4,5,6).
Companieslọ ọrụ Syngenta na-enye ndị na-azụ ihe na-efe efe ya ndị na-efe efe ọla (foto 4), nke emebere nke ọma maka itinye nkwusioru nkwusioru, bụ nke ejiri 40% na-efegharị dị ala karịa ndị na-efesa ọkọlọtọ nwere ọkụ oghere, n'ihi atụmatụ ha dị mfe, ha na-eme ya. adịghị egbochi, na achọghị ihe nzacha. Emepụtara ma tinye ya na ụzọ abụọ. Ma sprayers na-arụnyere na n'akuku nke 45 ° na kehoraizin elu, na-eduzi n'ebe ibe ha: a sprayer na akụkụ nke 20 ° (ogologo) maka nhazi tuber dara ada na-arụnyere na mbụ ụlọ na ntụziaka nke ije nke planter. ; A na-emepụta sprayer na akụkụ nke 70 ° (obere) iji mesoo ala nke furrow, akụkụ tuber, yana ala na-ekpuchi furrow;
E gosipụtara ntinye ziri ezi nke ndị na-efe efe na igwe ihe ọkụkụ na foto 7,8. Ịhazi naanị tubers (foto 7) na-efunahụ uru ya, ebe ọ bụ na nhazi a nke sprayers, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkwanye ngwọta ọrụ. Ngwa nke ihe nchebe n'otu oge na tubers na ala dị irè karị. N'okwu a, n'ihu, nozzle angled (1) nwere ike fesa 1/3 nke mmiri mmiri ahụ kwụ ọtọ n'ime oghere oghere ozugbo n'azụ furrower. Mgbe ahụ tuber nduku na-adaba n'ime furrow a na-agwọ mmiri. Nke abụọ, nozzled angled (2) nwere ike iwebata 2/3 nke mmiri mmiri fesa n'ime ala na-akpụ akpụ nke diski diski na-ekpuchi tubers. A na-atụ aro ka iji ụdị ngwakọ nke mere na akụkụ nke ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ na-eduzi tubers.
Ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ nke nkwadebe maka ichebe na mkpali tubers n'oge a na-akụ nwere ike ịnwe ihe dị ka akụkụ ise: ọgwụ fungicides, ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ, nkwadebe microbiological, microfertilizer ma ọ bụ ihe mkpali uto, na adjuvant. Nhọrọ nke microfertilizers nwere ezigbo nri nri, amino acids na adjuvants maka ịgbanye mgbọrọgwụ na uto mbụ buru ibu. Ngwaahịa azụmaahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere teknụzụ dị elu ma kesaa nke ọma, na-agwakọta na mmiri mmiri na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo. Site na ngwakọta ọgwụ ọhụrụ ọ bụla, a ga-enyocharịrị nke a site na iji obere olu dịka ọmụmaatụ. Iche iche, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ ahụhụ granular na nematicides ka a ga-etinye, nke etinyere ngwa ngwa pụrụ iche na onye na-akụ ihe (foto 9,10, XNUMX). A na-etinyekwa ọgwụ mgbochi Nematode Nematofagin-Micopro, dabere na fungi na-eri anụ, site na iji ngwa ngwa, ebe ọ bụ na, dị ka onye nrụpụta si kwuo, ọ dabara na fungicides.
Ọnụ maka ọgwụgwọ na ihe na-akpali akpali ihe ọkụkụ nduku site na iji nkwadebe kachasị dị irè amụbawo okpukpu abụọ n'ime afọ ise gara aga wee ruo 8-10 puku rubles / ha. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke atọ nke usoro nchebe dum, ee, dị ịrịba ama, ma hà na-eri otu ton nduku. Mmụba nke ego sitere na nhazi na-efu ọtụtụ ugboro, ọ bụghịkwa n'ihi ụbara mkpụrụ, mana n'ihi mma ngwaahịa. N'otu oge ahụ, a ghaghị iji nkà rụọ nhazi mkpụrụ. A ghaghị iwepụ tubers rere ure na nke merụrụ ahụ nke ọma na nke ọma, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọgwụgwọ ha ga-eduga n'ịbawanye ụba nke ire ere, karịsịa mgbe a na-akụ ya na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ekpo ọkụ, nke ga-eduga ná mbelata nduku germination. Ịgafe oke oriri kachasị mma ma ọ bụ ịdoụbiga mmanya ókè nke ngwaahịa nchebe osisi ekwesịghị ikwe, ndị a bụ nkwadebe siri ike, osisi ahụ ga-adaba na uto ruo ogologo oge, iji fungicides n'oge akuku enweghị ike iwepụ ọrịa dị n'ime na tubers, i.e. Ịkwa akwa enweghị ike dochie mkpụrụ osisi dị elu.
N'ikpeazụ, ekwesịrị iburu n'uche na ọgwụgwọ nke mkpụrụ osisi na ihe nchebe na ihe na-akpali akpali bụ ọkwa dị mma ma dị irè nke usoro nchebe na nnukwu nduku na-eto eto. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enweela ọganihu dị ukwuu na mpaghara a ma ohere ọhụrụ na-emeghe. Ọmụmụ na nyocha nke ozi mba ọzọ na-enye anyị ohere ịkọwapụta isi ihe na-eme na nchekwa nke ihe ọkụkụ nduku. Nke a bụ mgbasawanye nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje ndị a na-achịkwa, mgbanwe site na nkwadebe nke otu-abụọ-abụọ na akụkụ atọ nke anọ, mgbanwe site na ọgwụgwọ tuber na ọgwụgwọ ala na ịmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ maka nchebe kemịkalụ na nke ndu. N'iburu n'uche mgbanwe ọnọdụ phytopathological na-agbanwe, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-etinyekwu uche na skaab ọlaọcha, pythium, anthracnose, na ọrịa ala ndị ọzọ na nje bacteria. Ogo nke fungicides dị na Russian Federation bụ ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ yana iche iche. Ndị na-emepụta ụwa na-emepụta ngwaahịa nchebe osisi anaghị adị ngwa ngwa ịnye nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka Russia, ma ụlọ ọrụ Russia (August, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) na ngwaahịa multicomponent Idikum, nkwụnye ego na King Combi na-ele anya nke ọma na asọmpi. N'ihe banyere ọgwụgwọ ala na fungicides na Europe, gụnyere Russian Federation, e nwere a doro anya lag n'azụ esenidụt larịị, ma e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-amụta na ihe na-ewere dị ka ihe atụ, isi ndoputa maka ịba ụba irè nke nchebe n'oge akuku di ebe a. N'ihe banyere ịdị irè nke nkwadebe microbiological, onye ndu, n'ezie, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Europe. Ndepụta nke biofungicides na Russian Federation dị nnọọ ukwuu, ma dị warara na nhazi nke ndu; Ụzọ ndị a tụrụ aro iji chịkwaa ọrịa nje na-eji ọla kọpa nwere fungicides na nje nje bacteria bara uru na mkpa.