N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọrịa anthracnose (ntụpọ ojii, ntụpọ ojii), nke ero Colletotrichum coccodes kpatara, agbasawo na mpaghara ndị na-eto eto nduku. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-eme nchọpụta ewerewo ya dị ka obere ọrịa na-adịghị mkpa. Ma ụbara njọ nke mere megide ndabere nke ụbara chọrọ maka àgwà tubers ma n'ụdị ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi agafewo anthracnose n'ime ụdị ọrịa dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba nke na-akpata nnukwu mfu akụ na ụba. Dị ka akwụkwọ sayensị si kwuo (Kuznetsova MA et al., 2020), na Russia ruo ihe dị ka n'etiti afọ 1950, anthracnose na poteto agbasaghị. Mgbe ahụ, ọrịa ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye. Na 1980-1985, mmebi nke osisi nduku site na anthracnose sitere na 5 ruo 25%, na 1986-1987 site na 10 ruo 35%, n'oge okpomọkụ na ọkọchị nke 1988, mmebi n'elu sitere na 10 ruo 70%, na 1989 - site na 5 ruo 40%, na 1990-2000 - site na 3 ruo 35%, na 2001-2009 - site na 2 ruo 55%, na okpomọkụ na akọrọ nke 2010 site na 5 ruo 100%, na 2011-2019 - site na 3 ruo 65% Ndị ọrụ nyocha kwenyere na isi ihe kpatara mmụba nke mmerụ ahụ nke anthracnose bụ mbubata nke mkpụrụ osisi emerụrụ emerụ, gbasaa na mkpụrụ osisi, mmebi nke tubers n'oge a na-akọ ihe na mbelata nguzogide osisi megide ndabere nke ọnọdụ na-eto eto na-adịghị mma. Anthracnose nwere ike belata mkpụrụ nduku ozugbo site na 12-30%, na-eweda ogo ngwaahịa n'ihi ntụpọ dị na akpụkpọ ahụ, ngbanwe nke anụ ahụ dị n'ime, na-eduga n'ịbelata ahịa nke ihe ọkụkụ n'oge nchekwa.
Mgbaàmà nke anthracnose. Ndị ero Colletotrichum coccodes nwere ike ịpụta na tubers nduku, stolons, mgbọrọgwụ, ị ga na akwụkwọ. N'elu ala nke osisi, ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke anthracnose na-apụta dị ka odo na ihicha akwụkwọ. N'otu oge ahụ, ị ga-anọgide na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ ogologo oge (foto 1). Enweghị ike ịhụ anthracnose site na ịcha edo edo naanị. Ọ bụghị naanị anthracnose, sclerotinia, pectobacteria nwere ike ịkpata ihicha akwụkwọ nduku, kamakwa site na cercospora blight, alternaria blight, na verticillium wilt. N'ihi ngosipụta nkwonkwo nke ụdị ọrịa ọhụrụ ọhụrụ, a na-ahụkarị ihicha osisi nduku n'oge na mmepụta.
Na ọkara nke abụọ nke oge na-eto eto, ọrịa ahụ na-emetụta ị ga. Nke mbụ, obere ntụpọ ọla na-apụta na mpaghara ebe a na-etinye akwụkwọ mịrị amị (foto 2). Mgbe ahụ mpaghara emetụtara na-agbasawanye (foto 3). Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ntụpọ ahụ na-abawanye nha na mkpuchi ọcha nke mycelium na-apụta na ha. Anụ ahụ dị n'okpuru mycelium na-agbanwe agba site na ọla ka ọ bụrụ oji (foto 4,5). A na-ebutekwa ihe ncheta ọcha dị n'osisi ya site na rhizoctonia, sclerotinia, na ire ere isi awọ.
Foto nke 2,3. Mmepe nke anthracnose na ị ga
Foto 4,5. Mkpuchi ọcha nke anthracnose mycelium na ị ga
Anthracnose tụrụ na-emetụtakwa n'okpuruala mpaghara nke ị ga. Ha yiri agba na ngosipụta nke rhizoctonia (foto 6). Agbanyeghị, na rhizoctonia, n'adịghị ka anthracnose, oke dị n'etiti anụ ahụ emetụtara na ahụike doro anya.
Site na mmepe nke anthracnose nke dị n'okpuru ala nke osisi ahụ na saịtị nke mmebi nke ị ga-agbaze, stolons na mgbọrọgwụ, elu ahụ na-agbapụ, na-agbapụ ma na-ekewapụ ya ngwa ngwa (foto 7). Mgbe iru mmiri dị elu, mmebi ahụ na-enweta ncha odo odo.
A na-ebupụ osisi ndị mebiri emebi ngwa ngwa n'ala. Na saịtị nke ọrịa nke ị ga-etolite ọtụtụ black microsclerotia (foto 8). N'ihi ya aha Bekee nke ọrịa ahụ - black dot (black dot). Ma nke a abụghịkwa ihe mgbaàmà pụrụ iche; a na-etolitekwa sclerotia site na verticillium na ire ere.
Mgbaàmà nke anthracnose na tubers dịgasị iche iche. Na mbụ, ndị a bụ isi awọ, ntụpọ nwere nsogbu na bee. N'oge nchekwa, tint ọlaọcha na-apụta (foto 9). N'adịghị ka skaab ọlaọcha, ntụpọ anthracnose adịghị ekewapụ nke ọma na bee ahụ dị mma na microsclerotia na-ahụ anya na ntụpọ (foto 10). A na-ahụkarị ntụpọ ojii nwere ntụpọ aja aja na-acha ọla ọcha na-apụta n'elu tuber nke nwere saturation nke obere microsclerotia ojii n'ime anụ ahụ na-arịa ọrịa. tubers nke emetụtara nke ukwuu na-agbaji, akpụkpọ ahụ na-adị mfe ịdọpụ n'elu, ebe a na-emepụtakwa obere sclerotia. N'elu nke tubers bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi na bumpy. Na mbelata nke tubers emetụtara, anụ ahụ na-acha aja aja nwere ike ịchọta omimi nke 0.5-0.8 cm; ka oge na-aga, ntụpọ dara mbà n'obi na-apụta. N'ime ogologo oge incubation na nchekwa ọnọdụ, ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa na-agbasa dum tuber, akwa anụ ahụ, imi guzobe na kpamkpam mbibi nke ndị dị otú ahụ tubers-apụta.
Foto 9. Mgbaàmà na sclerotia nke anthracnose na tubers
Site na mmepe siri ike nke anthracnose, ntụpọ dara mbà n'obi, mgbawa na bee, a na-ahụta mmebi gbara ọchịchịrị na mgbanaka vaskụla na pulp nke tubers, nke dịtụ iche na ọrịa tuber ndị ọzọ (mbubreyo blight, phomosis, fusarium, ditylenchosis), mana ọ bụghị. pụrụ iche. Mgbaàmà a na-ahụ anya n'oge a ezughị iji chọpụta pathogen (foto 11).
Isi mmalite nke ọrịa na ihe kpatara mmepe nke anthracnose. Enwere ike ibute ọrịa nduku na C. coccodes site na ala, tuber na inoculum ikuku. Inoculum ala, dị ka a na-achị, dị njọ karịa tuber inoculum. N'ime ala, ero nwere ike ịdị ka sclerotia ma ọ bụ dị ka condia na ọkwa a na-apụghị ịchọpụta. Na mbụ, a kwenyere na sclerotia na-adị ndụ n'ime ala karịa afọ 4; ugbu a, a na-ekwu na oge a abawanyela ruo afọ 8-15. Na pathogen overwinters n'ụdị sclerotia n'elu emetụta tubers, na osisi irighiri ihe na ala. N'oge opupu ihe ubi, spores na-etolite na irighiri ihe ọkụkụ, tubers ma gbasaa na mmiri mmiri na ala na osisi. N'oge okpomọkụ, spores na-etolite na mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri ma nwee ike ibunye akụkụ niile nke osisi ahụ. Mweghachi nke osisi na-eme ọtụtụ oge n'oge; ifufe, ụmụ ahụhụ na mmiri ozuzo na-agbasa spores. C. coccodes na-ebutekarị nduku ị ga na anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ n'oge na-eto eto, ma ihe mgbaàmà nke chlorosis na akwukwo necrosis, yana ihe ịrịba ama nke pathogen n'ụdị sclerotia, anaghị adịkarị ruo mgbe oge na-eto eto.
Ọrịa mkpụrụ tubers na-abụkarị isi mmalite nke ọrịa ala na isi iyi dị mkpa maka mgbọrọgwụ, stolons na tubers nwa nwanyị. Akụkụ ọ bụla nke tuber elu nwere ike ibute C. coccodes na nke a nwere ike ibute ọrịa na-esote nke azuokokoosisi. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịchọpụta ihe ọ bụla na-efe efe na batch, ebe ọ bụ na ero nwere ike were obere akụkụ nke elu ma ọ bụ dị n'ime tuber. Mkpụrụ na-enweghị akara ngosi C. coccodes nwere ike ibute ọrịa. ero ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-achịkwa ala site na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-apụ na tuber butere ya na ọnụego 1 mm kwa ụbọchị. Ọrịa nke mkpụrụ nne na-enwe mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na ọrịa nke ụmụ, ọrịa a sitere na mkpụrụ nne na-amalite ngwa ngwa mgbe a kụrụ ya. Mkpụrụ tubers nwere ọrịa mpụga na-emepụta tubers nwa nwanyị nke nwere oge kachasị elu na oke ọrịa, yana ọrịa azuokokoosisi na ọnụọgụ tubers na-emetụta na njedebe stolon. Yiri etoju nke ọrịa imepe na tubers na ị ga osisi toro si ike tubers ma nso mkpụrụ tubers na esịtidem ma ọ bụ mpụga ọrịa. Anthracnose mycelium na-akpali n'ime ala site na tubers mkpụrụ butere ruo nwa tubers nke osisi ndị gbara agbata obi. Enweghị njikọ n'etiti ọrịa na elu tuber na ọrịa ime. Agbanyeghị, tubers niile nwere ọrịa ime n'ime nwekwara ọrịa mpụga. Ọrịa vaskụla nke C. coccodes na mkpụrụ tubers bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya n'ihi na ọrịa vaskụla agaghị achịkwa ya site n'ịgwọ tubers butere ọrịa fungicides etinyere n'elu tuber.
Kedu ihe na-akpata mmebi ahụ - mkpụrụ emerụ emerụ, ala emetọọ, nnyefe ikuku? Enwere ike ikpebi nke a site na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọnya ahụ. Ọnya ikuku na-adị ka Alternaria blight, mana mgbanaka mgbanaka anaghị etolite n'ime ọnya ahụ. Na mpaghara ndị nwere oke ikuku uzuzu, enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute akwụkwọ n'ụzọ dị otu a, ebe ọnya aja na-enye ebe ntinye maka ero. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa tubers na njedebe stolon na-egosi na ọrịa mbụ nke tubers nwa nwanyị mere n'ihi ntinye nke pathogen site na stolons, i.e. site na nne tuber. N'otu nnyocha e mere, a kụrụ n'ubi nwere mkpụrụ osisi dị ọcha na ala ọhụrụ, mana chọpụtara na n'etiti 15 na 88% nke tubers nke ụmụ nwanyị merụọ.
Ọ bụrụ na isi mmalite bụ ala, mgbe ahụ mmepe nke microsclerotia na tubers na-apụta na-enweghị usoro n'elu akụkụ dum nke tubers. Mgbaàmà ntụpọ ojii na-apụta n'ogo dị elu na mgbọrọgwụ anụ ahụ (60 ruo 90%) na nyocha mbụ ụbọchị 5 izu mgbe akuku, n'agbanyeghị ọkwa inoculum (obere ma ọ bụ elu), ma na ị ga n'okpuru ala a na-ahụ ọrịa ahụ n'oge a dị obere ma ọ bụ na-anọghị kpamkpam. . Nnyocha yiri nke ahụ na-eleba anya na tuber-borne inoculum chọpụtara na enwere ike ịchọpụta ihe mgbaàmà na mgbọrọgwụ na stolons n'oge oge ntolite nke mkpụrụ osisi, ebe ihe mgbaàmà na-apụta n'ihe dị ka izu asaa ruo 7 ka a gwọchara ya. Nnyocha e mere n'okpuru ọnọdụ na-eto eto azụmahịa na Washington State (USA) egosila na C. coccodes na-apụta n'oge dị ka 10 ụbọchị mgbe mmalite na n'elu-ala ị ga, na mgbe e mesịrị, 15 ụbọchị mgbe ntoputa, na n'okpuruala ị ga; Otú ọ dị, a na-ekewapụkarị ọrịa na-efe efe site n'osisi dị n'okpuru ala na ụbọchị nlele na-esote.
Na ikpe ubi na Scotland, C. coccodes colonization nke mgbọrọgwụ anụ ahụ enwetara site na ọrịa na-enweghị micropropagated osisi yiri nke mgbọrọgwụ enwetara site ma anya ọcha na ntụpọ mkpụrụ tubers mgbe enyocha n'isi n'oge na-eto eto, ma bụ budata ala na mgbe e mesịrị. ụbọchị nlele. N'ime nyocha nke Idaho, ịchịkọta anụ ahụ site na C. coccodes n'elu na n'okpuru ala dị elu karịa ugboro nke ịchịisi nke stolons na mgbọrọgwụ. Omume a gara n'ihu n'agbanyeghị ma ọrịa ahụ sitere na mmetọ ala, tubers mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ inoculation foliar. Nke a dị iche na ọmụmụ ndị gara aga nke gosipụtara na enwere ike ịhụ mgbaàmà ọrịa isi ojii na mbụ n'ime anụ ahụ mgbọrọgwụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụ ahụ osisi ndị ọzọ enyochara. Ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche tụlere ihe dị iche iche: oke mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ nchikota anụ ahụ site na ero, nke bụ ihe kachasị kpatara esemokwu ahụ. A na-anabatakarị na ọrịa C. coccodes na-adịgide adịgide ruo ogologo oge na ị ga-atụnyere mgbọrọgwụ na stolons.
Nnyocha e ji tụnyere mmetụta nke ala na mkpụrụ gosiri na ọrịa na-ebute ala na-akpata ọtụtụ ntụpọ ojii karịa ọrịa sitere na mkpụrụ. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ubi na England, ọkwa dị iche iche nke tuber inoculum na-ebute ọrịa anthracnose na-arịwanye elu na mgbọrọgwụ na mgbọrọgwụ, ma ọ bụghị n'ogo nke ọrịa tuber mkpụrụ, ebe ọkwa nke mmetọ ala na-arụ ọrụ na-ebu amụma ọkwa nke ọrịa anthracnose. Ịba ụba nke ala inoculum na-eme ka ọrịa ahụ dịkwuo njọ, gụnyere necrosis akwukwo na chlorosis, yana mmepe nke sclerosis na mgbọrọgwụ na ị ga.
Ịmara ka e si metọọ ubi na inoculum ojii dot na-enyere aka ime mkpebi gbasara nhọrọ saịtị, iji ihe ọkụkụ fungicidal, ma ọ bụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche na-eto eto n'otu ubi. Maka anthracnose, e mepụtala usoro nyocha nke ọma, dabere na nyocha DNA nke PCR, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkwa inoculum na ala na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa nduku eguzobewo. Usoro nlele ala maka ule anthracnose yiri ule nematode. PCR na-agụta DNA anthracnose ezubere iche wee gosipụta dị ka pg DNA/g ala (pg – picogram ma ọ bụ trillionth nke gram). Nsonaazụ ule ala na-ekewa ihe ize ndụ ahụ n'ime ala dị ala (0-100 pg DNA / g ala), ọkara (101-1000 pg DNA / g ala) na elu (> 1000 pg DNA / g ala) dabere na nsonaazụ nyocha nke ala. ofufe na nduku. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ụzọ dị ala, enwere obere ihe ize ndụ nke ọkwa ọrịa anthracnose nke ga-emetụta ahịa ahịa. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ụzọ ahụ dị elu, enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ na ahịa nke oke nke tubers ga-ebelata ma ọ bụrụ na ewereghị usoro mbelata ihe ize ndụ (Fig 13). Otú ọ dị, ihe nakawa etu esi nke anthracnose mmepe n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ tụgharịrị na-emegiderịta onwe ya, na ọrịa nke ala ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ihe anaghị eme ka a kwekọrọ ekwekọ mbelata na mkpụrụ na àgwà tubers. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na nsonaazụ nke ọrịa anthracnose na-adabere mgbe niile na ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke ọnọdụ mpụga na njirimara agrotechnical na ọnọdụ mmepụta.
Okpomọkụ kacha mma maka uto C.coccodes hyphae bụ 24 оC. Nhazi nke sclerotia na ọrịa na-esote nke anụ ahụ osisi na-eme n'elu oke okpomọkụ. Ahụghị ihe mgbaàmà na tubers na okpomọkụ nke 15 оC, ma na okpomọkụ a, a chọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ị ga-ebute ya. Ikuku na ọkụ na-emetụtakwa germination nke sclerotia. A na-etolite conidia n'ọnụọgụ ka ukwuu na sclerotia dị n'elu ala.
A na-ejikọkarị Anthracnose na ala aja dị ọkụ, oke okpomọkụ na mmiri na-adịghị mma. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmebi dị iche iche dị na osisi ndị na-emesi ike na-eme ka ọ sie ike ịchọpụta usoro dị na mmetụta nke ihe abiotic na biotic na mmepe ọrịa. Na US, oke mmiri ozuzo, ogbugba mmiri n'ubi na obere okpomọkụ n'isi mmalite oge, ogologo oge ọkọchị na-esochi butere mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ. Na England, ogbugba mmiri n'ubi belatara ọrịa nke ị ga mgbọrọgwụ na tubers ruo izu 18 mgbe akuku, ma mụbaa ya na mgbe e mesịrị nkebi. N'Izrel, ebe a na-agbapụta ihe ọkụkụ mgbe niile, a hụla ọrịa na mfu nke ọrịa na oke okpomọkụ na ala kpọrọ nkụ.
Ụdị nduku niile nwere ike ịnweta C. coccodes, mana n'ogo dị iche iche. Nnyocha ndị mba ọzọ egosila na ụdị ndị nwere akpụkpọ ahụ dị gịrịgịrị na-enwekarị anthracnose karịa ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ buru ibu. E nwere ịrịba ọdịiche dị n'etiti iche na ugboro nke azuokokoosisi colonization na ịdị njọ nke mmebi n'elu tubers. A na-ahụ ihe dị iche n'etiti nsị na tuber na ụfọdụ cultivars, dịka ọmụmaatụ Desiree nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ala nke nsị nsị mana otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke tuber infestation. Ogo nke ọrịa dị elu n'oge mbụ dị ka tubers na-akpakọrịta na inoculum ala ruo ogologo oge. Ọdịiche dị iche iche na-eme ma n'oge mbụ na nke mbubreyo, na-atụ aro mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Na Russian Federation, a na-eme nnyocha dị iche iche maka iguzogide ụdị nduku na anthracnose. Dị ka ihe atụ, nlekota nke All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection nke tuber ihe nke elite edemede na North-West mpaghara gosiri na ụdị kacha nta emetụta anthracnose bụ Gala, Lomonosovsky, Eurasia, Labadiya na Sudarynya, na ndị kasị susceptible bụ Nevsky. , Red Scarlett, Charodey na Alouette.
Mmetụta anthracnose na tubers dị elu site na ntụgharị mkpụrụ nduku site na otu afọ ruo afọ atọ. Ọrịa anthracnose na-ebelata nke ukwuu ka ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ dị n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ nduku na-abawanye. A na-achọta C. coccodes n'ubi na-enweghị poteto maka afọ 10 na 15, mana ọnụọgụ ọrịa na-adị ala mgbe afọ 6 ma ọ bụ karịa na-enweghị mmepụta nduku. Anthracnose na-emetụta ọtụtụ ụdị nke ahịhịa na-akụ na ahịhịa, na-eme ihe dị ka osisi ndị ọbịa ma na-enye aka na-adịgide adịgide nke ọrịa na ala. Ọmụmụ mba ọzọ egosila na ọ nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa, nke gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị 58 na ezinụlọ 17, bụ isi akwụkwọ nri sitere na ezinụlọ nightshade - tomato, eggplant, ose na-acha uhie uhie, ụtaba. Ma karọt, eyịm, brokoli, letus, table na sugar beets, rapeseed, na odo mọstad na-emetụtakwa. Ọka, ọka, soybean, sunflower, ọka, agwa, na peas anaghị ebute ọrịa ahụ. Ngwaahịa ire ure nke ụfọdụ ụdị osisi wepụtara - osisi cruciferous, clover sweet, lupine, sorghum-sudan ngwakọ - belata uto nke ọtụtụ ụdị fungi pathogenic. Nri ahịhịa ndụ na ihe ọkụkụ biofumigant na-ebelata ịdị njọ nke anthracnose.
Ọtụtụ ahihia (oji nightshade, ubi bindweed, na-acha ọcha pigweed, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ si akpa, nkịtị nettle, knotweed, European heliotrope, wdg) nwere ike iduga na-abawanye na ego nke inoculum ma ọ bụ nwere ike ije ozi dị ka isi iyi nke isi inoculum maka nduku. C. coccodes inoculum na-adị ndụ n'ime ala ọ bụghị nanị na ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ na-anabata ya, kamakwa na tubers nduku nke fọdụrụ n'ọhịa mgbe owuwe ihe ubi. Ha na-eto eto na-esote afọ na imubanye ọtụtụ ọrịa. Igbo nduku tubers-anọgide viable ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe mbụ owuwe ihe ubi. Njikwa nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, ya bụ. nduku afọ ofufo dị oke mkpa iji belata ọnụọgụ inoculum nke anthracnose bụ isi na ala.
Nchegbu osisi kpatara ụkọ nri ma ọ bụ enweghị ahaghị nhata nwekwara ike ime ka anthracnose na-achị mgbọrọgwụ nduku. N'ime nnwale ndị a na-achịkwa, e wetara nitrogen na 5, 40, 160, na 640 ppm iji kpalite ụkọ nitrogen na nhụsianya nitrogen n'ime osisi. A na-agbanye osisi ndị gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nkwusioru nke C. coccodes spores. Ịchịkọta usoro mgbọrọgwụ kacha ukwuu na ọkwa nitrogen kacha ala (5 ppm). Mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ belatara ka ntinye nitrogen na-abawanye ruo 160 ppm, nke bụ ọkwa N kacha mma, wee mụbaa ka nitrogen na-abawanye ruo 640 ppm. Mgbe a na-anwale maka potassium, mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ kachasị ukwuu mere na ọkwa potassium kasị ala (0 mg K) ma belata ka mkpokọta potassium na-abawanye ruo 80 mg K (ọkwa K kacha mma), wee mụbaa ntakịrị ka ntinye potassium na-abawanye ruo 160 mg K. Otu ihe ahụ. A na-ahụkwa ụkpụrụ mgbe a na-anwale phosphorus. Mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ kachasị ukwuu mere na ọkwa P kachasị ala (0,032 mL) wee belata ka ntinye P na-abawanye na ọkwa P kachasị mma (1,00 ml). N'ihi ya, ero ojii ntụpọ ojii na-achịkwa mgbọrọgwụ nduku nke ukwuu mgbe ihe ọkụkụ na-emesi ike site na erughị eru na oke nke nitrogen, potassium, na phosphorus karịa mgbe osisi nwere ọkwa kachasị mma nke nri ọ bụla dịnụ.
Nduku ịgba mmiri mgbe n'elu akpọnwụchara na-abawanye ugboro na ogo nke mmebi tuber site na anthracnose ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ. Ogo nke ọrịa tuber na ọnụ ọgụgụ tubers metụtara na njedebe stolon dị elu nke ukwuu na tubers ndị sitere na osisi ndị nwere mmiri n'elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke sitere na osisi ndị nwere mmiri. Mmiri na-agbada site na ala na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwaga inoculum site na mkpụrụ tuber butere na tubers nwa nwanyị.
Nnyocha egosiwokwa na ọnọdụ na ịdị njọ nke anthracnose na-abawanye na tubers a na-asaghị mgbe echekwara na 15. оC tụnyere 5 оC na n'oge owuwe ihe ubi na akọrọ nchekwa nke tubers nwere ike igbochi ma ọ bụ ibelata omume nke ọrịa. A na-ebelata mmepe ntụpọ ojii na tubers mgbe a na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị jụụ ozugbo ma e jiri ya tụnyere tubers a na-edebe na 12 Celsius maka ụbọchị 10 tupu ọ dị jụụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa iji kpoo ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma iji zere mmepe ire ere. N'oge nchekwa ogologo oge, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'etiti ọdịdị ọrịa ahụ na tubers nke a na-edebe na okpomọkụ nke 2,5 ° C ma ọ bụ 3,5 Celsius.
Nhọrọ nlekọta anthracnose nduku gụnyere iji usoro mgbochi na nchebe na fungicides. Otu n'ime ụkpụrụ kachasị mkpa nke njikwa ntụpọ ojii bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ inoculum dị na ala site na mmetụta nke ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ, wepụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ubi, poteto ahịhịa na ahịhịa. Ọbụna ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ogologo na ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị ndị ọbịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọka, soybean ma ọ bụ ọka) anaghị eme ka ala ahụ dịkwuo mma (ebe ọ bụ na anthracnose microsclerotia na-adịgide n'ọhịa ruo afọ 8-15), mana ọ na-ebelata ọkwa inoculum. ọtụtụ ugboro.
Iji gbochie na ibelata ọrịa a, a ga-emerịrị usoro ndị a:
1. Nhọrọ nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere nnukwu iguzogide anthracnose, na-ezere ịkụ mkpụrụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na ubi nje;
2. Jiri mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ikike sitere n'aka ndị na-emepụta aha ma nwalee ha n'ọhịa ma ọ bụ na nchekwa tupu ịzụrụ. Zere mkpuru osisi nke ụdị ndị ọzọ nwere ike imerụ ya. Usoro asambodo nduku nke mba niile ugbu a anaghị enye iwu maka anthracnose, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nweghị njikọ dị n'etiti mmebi nne tuber na mmepe nke ọrịa na tubers nwa nwanyị. Nnyocha nke ihe nlele nwere akara anthracnose na akwụkwọ nke emere na Russian Federation site na iji usoro PCR gosiri na n'ime ihe atụ 96, ọ bụ naanị 5 na-emetụta anthracnose. Otú ọ dị, na US na UK, ihe omume nke C. coccodes na mkpụrụ osisi tubers akwadoro sitere na 0 ruo 90% na 0 ruo 75%, n'otu n'otu. Mkpụrụ ebubata ebubata bụ isi ọwa maka mgbasa nke anthracnose na mpaghara na-eto eto nduku nke Russian Federation;
3. Nyochaa ihe mkpụrụ maka C. coccodes iji chọpụta mkpa ọgwụgwọ fungicides dị. Akụla mkpụrụ ndị butere ọrịa n'ubi dị ọcha na-enweghị anthracnose;
4. Zere ịkụ poteto n'ime ala na-adịghị mma;
5. Na-ebu isi moldboard tillage ana achi achi miri incorporation nke osisi residues na ha decomposition;
6. Ngwa ziri ezi na zuru ezu nke fatịlaịza;
7. Zenarị mmiri karịrị akarị, ọkachasị ụdị ndị nwere ike ịnwụ n'oge na-agwụ. Ibelata oke mmiri n'etiti mkpochapụ na iwe ihe ubi
8. Owuwe ihe ubi tubers ozugbo o kwere omume mgbe desiccation nke n'elu;
9. Ngwa ngwa jụrụ poteto na nchekwa. Njikwa okpomọkụ na iru mmiri nke ọma n'oge nchekwa. Okpomọkụ dị elu na nsị n'elu tuber na-enye aka na ọrịa ahụ;
10. Ala biofumigation na green nri nke ọcha mọstad, oilseed radish, ụtọ klova, sorghum-sudanese ngwakọ.
Ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ọrịa anthracnose na tubers na n'ime ala, a ga-eji ọgwụ fungicides pụrụ iche mee ihe.
Nchedo kemịkalụ megide anthracnose. Ruo ogologo oge, fungicides nwere azoxysrobin bụ naanị ụzọ iji chịkwaa ọrịa ala. N'ọtụtụ ule, azoxystrobin etinyere site na ngwa in-furrow na-akụ ma ọ bụ itinye n'ime ala egosila mbelata nke anthracnose na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọgwụgwọ a na-egbu oge mmepe nke ọrịa ahụ ruo ọtụtụ izu. Ebe ọ bụ na azoxystrobin bụ strobirulin (FRAC klas 11), nke nwere ike ịkpata nguzogide, i.e. iguzogide pathogens n'ime ya, isiokwu a na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-atụle, karịsịa site mpi emepụta nke osisi nchebe ngwaahịa.
Ugbu a, ndepụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eji megide anthracnose agbasawanyela nke ukwuu, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bịara doo anya na ọrịa nduku na-eme n'oge oge niile. Azoxystrobin ka bụ akara ngosi maka ịdị irè megide anthracnose, mana ekwesighi iji ya ihe karịrị otu ugboro kwa oge. A na-edebanye aha kachasị na ndepụta fungicides megide anthracnose na USA (Table 14). A na-akwado ọtụtụ nkwadebe maka itinye n'ime furrow n'oge a na-akụ ihe, ndị ọzọ - n'oge oge ntoju nduku.
Tebụl 14. Ndepụta nke fungicides maka ịchịkwa nduku anthracnose, USA, 2021
Black Dot | azoxystrobin | 6.0 – 15.5 fl oz Aframe, Equation, Quadris Flowable, Satori, Willowood Azoxy 2SC | 14 |
Agafela otu ngwa nke otu 11 fungicides tupu ị gbanwee ya na ọgwụ fungicides nwere ụdị omume dị iche iche Quadris na Isi okwu. na- Otu 11 fungicides.
Quadris Opti bụ otu 11 na Group M fungicides. |
|
azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | 1.6 pt Quadris Opti | 14 | |||
Azoxystrobin + difenoconazole | 8.0 - 14.0 fl oz Quadris Top | 14 | |||
pyraclostrobin | 6.0 – 9.0 fl oz Isi isiokwu SC, EC | 3 | |||
Azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr | 0.34 – 0.5 oz Eltus/1,000 ft ahiri | 14 | Tinye na-furrow na-akụ n'ime eriri dị warara n'elu mpempe mkpụrụ. Agafela 9.5 oz/a ka ngwa ejikọtara. | ||
chlorothalonil | 1.0 - 1.5 pt Bravo Weather Stik Echo 720 1.5 - 2.25 pt Bravo Zn, Equus 500 Zn 0.875 - 1.25 lb Echo 90DF, Echo Zn 0.9 - 1.36 lb Bravo Ultrex 82.5W |
7 7 7 7
|
Rịba ama mmachi eji eme ihe n'oge na akara. Ịkpọ aha ugbu a maka iji ngwaahịa chlorothalonil kwa afọ na Wisconsin na-enye ohere 11.2 lb ai/a Bravo ngwaahịa (Ultrex, WeatherStik, Zn) (ndebanye aha W! pụrụ iche na-agwụ 12/31/17, agbanyeghị na mmeghari ohuru na-eme - biko lelee ndebanye aha DATCP pụrụ iche. ) na 16.0 lb ai/a ngwaahịa Echo (Zn, 720, 90DF) (ndebanye aha WI pụrụ iche na-agwụ 12/31/20). | ||
chlorothalonil + cymoxanil | 2.0 pt Ariston | 14 | Tinye akwụkwọ na oge 7 ruo 14 ụbọchị. Jiri obere oge mee ihe mgbe osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa yana ọnọdụ ọrịa siri ike. | ||
cymoxanil + famoxadone | 6.0 - 8.0 oz Tanos | 14 | Na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Soro ntuziaka njikwa nguzogide. Maka mmechi. | ||
difenoconazole | 5.5 - 7.0 fl oz MP kacha elu | 14 | Soro ntuziaka njikwa nguzogide. | ||
Black Dot (ọga n'ihu) | fenamidone | 5.5 – 8.2 fl oz Ihe kpatara ya | 14 | Na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Soro ntuziaka njikwa nguzogide. Maka mmechi. | |
fluopyram + pyrimethanil | 11.2 fl oz Luna dị jụụ (mkpọchi) | 7 | Malite ngwa fungicides na mgbochi. Etinyekwala ihe karịrị 43.6 fl oz/a kwa oge. Emela ihe karịrị ngwa abụọ n'usoro nke otu ọ bụla fungicide 2 ma ọ bụ 7 tupu iji ọgwụ fungicides sitere na otu dị iche tụgharịa. | ||
fluoxastrobin | 0.16 – 0.24 fl oz/1,000 ft ahiri Aftershock, Evito 480 SC 6.1 – 9.2 oz/a Tepera | 7 | Soro ntuziaka njikwa nguzogide. | ||
flutolanil | 0.71 - 1.1 lb Moncut 70-DF | na-akụ ọgwụgwọ | Kpesa ngwa ngwa n'otu n'otu gburugburu ma ọ bụ n'elu mpempe mkpụrụ n'ime eriri 4 ruo 8 inch tupu ikpuchi ya na ala. | ||
fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | 4.0 - 8.0 fl oz Priaxor | 7 | Mee ihe karịrị 3 ngwa / otu oge. Tinye ihe karịrị 24.0 fl oz/a kwa oge. | ||
mancozeb | 0.4 – 1.6 qt Dithane F45 4F 0.5 – 2.0 lb Dithane M45, Penncozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 75DF 1.0 – 2.0 lb Dithane 75DF Rainshield NT, Koverall, Manzate 200 75 |
3
3
3 |
Agafela mkpokọta 11.2 lb ai/a EBDC kwa oge na-eto eto. Ngwa EBDC gụnyere maneb, mancozeb, na metiram. | ||
mefentrifluconazole | 3.0 - 5.0 fl oz Provysol | 7 | Etinyekwala ihe karịrị 5.0 fl oz (0.13lb) / kwa acre kwa ngwa. Emela nwoke karịa ngwa na 5.0 fl oz ma ọ bụ | ||
Black Dot (ọga n'ihu) | Ngwa 5 na 3.0 fl oz kwa acre kwa afọ. | ||||
metaconazole | 2.5 - 4.0 oz Quash | 1 | Emela ihe karịrị ngwa 4 kwa oge. Emela nwoke karịa ngwa usoro abụọ. Etinyekwala ihe karịrị 2 oz/a kwa oge. | ||
pentiopyrad | 10.0 - 24.0 fl oz Vertisan | 7 | Agafela 72.0 fl oz/a kwa afọ. Mee ngwa ngwa Vertisan na-aga n'ihu na-erughị 2 tupu ịgbanwee na ọgwụ fungicides nwere ụdị omume dị iche. | ||
pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil | 9.2 - 11.4 fl oz Miravis Prime | 14 | Mkpuchi naanị ntụpọ ojii. Ejila ikuku tinye ihe karịrị ngwa abụọ kwa afọ. Etinyekwala ihe karịrị 2 fl oz kwa acre kwa afọ. | ||
pyraclostrobin + metiram | 2.0 - 2.9 lb Cabrio Plus | 3 | Emela nwoke karịa ngwa usoro 2 tupu ị gbanwee na nke na-abụghị otu 11 ma ọ bụ M3 fungicides. | ||
Zoxamide + chlorothalonil | 32.0 - 34.0 fl oz Zing | 7 | Emela ihe karịrị 2 ngwa n'usoro tupu ị gbanwee n'ụdị omume ọzọ. |
N'ihe dị ka afọ 2023, a kwadoro ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ pentachloronyltrobenzine, mandipropamide + difeconazole, azoxystrobin + mancozeb, mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin na United States. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọgwụ ndị edepụtara na ngwakọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-ekwe ka ejiri ya na Russian Federation megide ọrịa mbubreyo na alternaria.
A naghị enweta mbibi dị egwu nke anthracnose site na iji nchebe fungicidal. A na-akọwa nke a site na ogologo usoro mmepe nke ọrịa na ọrịa sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche: site na mkpụrụ osisi, ala na ụmụ irighiri mmiri. Mbelata n'ọkwa nke mmepe ọrịa dị ịrịba ama-site na ọkara (Table 15). Mkpụrụ nduku na oke ọrụ ugbo na nhọrọ nchebe kachasị mma (ngwọta akwukwo na mgbakwunye na ntinye nke ala) na-abawanye site na 11-14 t / ha.
Isiokwu 15. Mmetụta nke ala na foliar ngwa nke fungicides na mmepe nke anthracnose, dị iche iche Russet Burbank, 2012
Ọgwụgwọ Ọ BỤRỤ = iwe F=foliar @20cm | Ngwaahịa / ha | ntụpọ ojii n'anya% - ala 10cm nke azuokokoosisi | C. coccodes ng DNA/g nduku stem | Mpụta MT/ha |
Quadris Ọ BỤRỤ | 639 ml | 48.2 ab | 1798.4 ab | 58.68 ab |
Quadris Ọ BỤRỤ na Mancozeb F | 639 ml 2.2 n'arọ | 41.0 nk | 900.7cd | 62.52 ka |
Quadris Ọ BỤRỤ na Priaxor F | Mmiri ara ehi - 639 ml - 426 ml | 31.7 c | 622.1 ikp | 54.36 BC |
Priaxor Ọ BỤRỤ | 480 ml | 50.0 ka | 1542.6 ab | 54.72 BC |
Priaxor Ọ bụrụ na Bravo ZN F | Mmiri ara ehi - 480 ml - 1135 ml | 35.8 BC | 892.6cd | 54.60 BC |
Priaxor Ọ bụrụ na Quadris F | Mmiri ara ehi - 480 ml - 639 ml | 25.6cd | 1332.0 ab | 60.00 ab |
Priaxor IF isi akụkọ F | Mmiri ara ehi - 480 ml - 426 ml | 28.3cd | 789.0cd | 65.76 ka |
Quadris Ọ BỤRỤ na Fontelis F | 639 ml 1.1 n'arọ | 22.7 ikp | 595.1 ikp | 56.04 BC |
Vertisan Ọ bụrụ na Quadris F | 1646ml 639 | 35.5 | 2249 ka | 57.36 BC |
Emeghị | 51.5 ka | 2072.9 ka | 51.96 c |
Ihe data enwetara (lee Tebụl 15) na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na ịgbakwunye strobirulin fungicides na ala mgbe ị na-akụ ezughị iji chịkwaa ọrịa a. Na Canada, ha na-ewere na nhọrọ a adịghị mma; a na-atụ aro ka etinyere ọgwụ fungicides megide anthracnose sitere na azoxystrobin, difeconazole, mefentrufluconazole, benzovindiflupyr na fluopyram + pyrimethanil naanị n'oge oge ntoju. N'ezie, a ghaghị iburu n'uche ịdị irè megide anthracnose mgbe ị na-eme usoro maka ichebe poteto site na ọrịa ndị bụ isi (alternaria, mbubreyo blight) n'oge oge na-eto eto. oge, otu izu mgbe desiccation, na-enye ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama mmetụta nke mbenata mmebi tubers.
A na-amata nchebe nke ihe ọkụkụ sitere na anthracnose ugbu a dị ka adịghị arụ ọrụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ (difeconazole, pyraclostrobin, imidazole) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam ibibi inoculum n'elu tubers (eserese 16). Ma nke a bụ obere oge mmetụta, ya pụta na-leveled si ngwa ngwa zuru ezu, n'ime otu ọnwa, n'ihi na ọrịa na-emi odude n'ime tubers.
N'ikpeazụ. Mmebi nke anthracnose abawanyela nke ukwuu n'oge na-adịbeghị anya; nje nje a aghọwo nsogbu dị mkpa n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. ero Colletotrichum coccodes, nke na-ebute anthracnose na poteto, siri ike ịkọ ma bụrụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Ọrịa mbụ a na-adịghị ahụ anya. Ọrịa nke mgbọrọgwụ, stolons, n'okpuru ala na n'elu ala ị ga-amalite dịtụ n'oge na-eto eto, ma doro anya ihe mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke pathogen (microsclerotia) nwere ike ghara ịpụta na osisi ruo oge owuwe ihe ubi. Tubers na-ebute ọrịa n'ọhịa mana ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị egosi mgbaàmà pụtara ìhè ruo etiti oge nchekwa. Ọrịa ahụ anaghị agbasa site na tuber ruo tuber n'oge nchekwa ogologo oge, mana ọrịa zoro ezo n'oge nchekwa na-amalite ịpụta ma mebie tubers na-abawanye. Mgbaàmà nke anthracnose na-adịkarịghị edo edo, enweghị mgbagwoju anya na dabara na wilting si Alternaria, verticillium, ịka nká nke okike, ụkọ nitrogen, wdg. N'ihi ya, ịchọpụta ọrịa ahụ na nyochaa nsonaazụ ya n'oge usoro na-eto eto siri ike. Enweghị ike ịkọ mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ na mkpụrụ nduku, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na ihe, ma biotic na abiotic, na-emetụta mmebi nke nje ahụ.
Anthracnose siri ike ịchịkwa. Inoculum na-adị ndụ n'ime ala ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-agbasa site na ihe ọkụkụ na mmiri ozuzo, ọrịa na-agakwa n'ihu n'oge niile na-eto eto. Ntugharị ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ogologo anaghị ehichapụ ala, na nduku na-atụgharị na ihe ọkụkụ dị ka karọt, beets, eyịm, mọstad na-acha odo odo na rapeseed (maka mkpụrụ) na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke ọrịa. Ibelata mmebi sitere na anthracnose ga-ekwe omume dabere na iji usoro nhazi na teknụzụ zuru oke yana ojiji azoxystrobin na-eguzogide ọgwụ na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ nke fungicides. A ghaghị itinye nlebara anya pụrụ iche na ọkwa nke ọrịa nke mkpụrụ osisi na ala. Ọ dị mkpa iji fatịlaịza n'ụzọ ziri ezi na mmiri poteto, ngwa ngwa na-ewe ihe ubi ma chekwaa ngwaahịa nke ọma, gbochie ahihia nke ọma, gụnyere ahịhịa ahịhịa, ma jiri mmetụta fumigant nke ahịhịa ndụ ndụ. Ekwesịrị ịgbanye ọgwụ fungicides dị irè ma tinye ya mgbe ị na-akụ n'ime ala, na ọkara mbụ nke oge na-eto eto na tupu owuwe ihe ubi. Usoro kemịkalụ iji chịkwaa anthracnose kwesịrị ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro nchekwa nduku ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Onye edemede nke ihe: Sergey Banadysev, dọkịta nke sayensị ugbo. Sayensị, "Doka-Gene Teknụzụ"